Acceptor materials

Fullerene C60

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Description:

Fullerene-C60 is a molecule with prominent electron acceptor property composed of 60 carbon atoms in the shape of a hollow football with 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons. Fullerene is unsaturated, where each carbon atom connects to three other carbon atoms with fused five- and six-membered rings. Fullerene-C60 is used in thermal evaporation systems as either electron acceptors, n-type semiconductors or interface layers. Moreover, it is the starting material for synthesis of organic semiconductors used in solar cells, perovskites, bio/pharma, and agricultural applications.
Dyenamo offers a selection of C60 grades ranging from purity grades of >95% to sublimed materials of >99.9%.

Full name:

Fullerene-C60

Alternative name:

C60

Chemical composition:

C₆₀

CAS number:

99685-96-8

Typical properties:

M_W: 720.64 g/mol

Colour and texture: Brown powder or black crystals

Absorption: λ_max = 251 nm

HOMO energy level: -6.1 eV

LUMO energy level: -4.3 eV

Melting point: >280 °C

Solubility (solvent): Toluene, oils, o-DCB

References:

• K. Motolo, S. Forrest, M. Thompson, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006 DOI: 10.1021/ja061655o

• E. Aydin, E. Ugur, B. K. Yildimir, et al., Nature, 2023 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06667-4

• A. A. Said, E. Aydin, E. Ugur, et al., Nature Commun., 2024 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44974-0

Fullerene C70

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Description:

Fullerene-C70 is a closed hollow cage consisting of carbon atoms interconnected in pentagonal and hexagonal rings. Each carbon atom on the cage surface is connected to three carbon neighbours and the bonds are sp²-hybridized.
Fullerene-C70 compounds display appealing optical, electrochemical, and physical properties, which can be exploited in numerous biomedical and optoelectronical applications. The geodesic and electronic bonding factors in the structure account for the stability of the molecule. In addition, C70 behaves like an electron-poor alkene and reacts readily with electron-rich species, which can be exploited as electron acceptor in organic photovoltaics (OPV), perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and tandems devices.

Full name:

Fullerene-C70

Alternative name:

C70

Chemical composition:

C₇₀

CAS number:

115383-22-7

Typical properties:

M_W: 840.77 g/mol

Colour and texture: Dark brown powder or black crystals

Absorption: λ_max = 344, 382 nm (in DCM)

HOMO energy level: -6.1 eV

LUMO energy level: -4.2 eV

Melting point: >280 °C

Solubility (solvent): Toluene, oils, o-DCB

References:

• S. Sachdeva, S. Singh, S. Tripathi, et al., Optical Mater., 2020 DOI: 10.1016/j.optmat.2020.109717

• L. Lin, Y. Liu, K. Wong, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011 DOI: 10.1021/ja205126t

PCBM-PC₆₁BM

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Description:

PCBM is the common abbreviation for the fullerene derivative, [6,6] phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester. It is a commonly used electron-accepting materials in organic photovoltaic devices and perovskite solar cells. The advantage compared to C60 is the solubility in chlorobenzene opening for deposition by printing processes.

Full name:

[6,6]-Phenyl C₆₁ butyric acid methyl ester

Alternative name:

PC₆₁BM

Chemical composition:

C₇₂H₁₄O₂

CAS number:

160848-22-6

Typical properties:

M_W: 910.90 g/mol

Colour and texture: Dark brown, solid, crystalline powder

Absorption: λ_max = N/A

HOMO energy level: -6.1 eV

LUMO energy level: -3.9 eV

Melting point: N/A

Solubility (solvent): Toluene, chlorobenzene, o-DCB

References:

• E. Castro, L. Echegoyen, et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2018 DOI: 10.1039/C7TC04302C

• D. Yang, S. Liu, S. Prira, et al., Nano Lett., 2019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00936

PCBM-PC₇₁BM

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Description:

PC₇₁BM is a fullerene electron acceptor commonly used in organic photovoltaic devices. The non-symmetrical C70 cage of PC₇₁BM offers improved absorption characteristics in the visible range of the solar spectrum as compared to PC₆₁BM opening for higher photocurrent in solar cell devices.

Full name:

[6,6]-Phenyl C₇₁ butyric acid methyl ester

Alternative name:

PC₇₁BM, C70 PCBM

Chemical composition:

C₈₂H₁₂O₂

CAS number:

609771-63-3

Typical properties:

M_W: 1031.01 g/mol

Colour and texture: Dark brown, solid, crystalline powder

Absorption: λ_max = N/A

HOMO energy level: -5.9 eV

LUMO energy level: -3.9 eV

Melting point: N/A

Solubility (solvent): Toluene, chlorobenzene, o-DCB

References:

• F. Zhang, J. Zhang, et al., Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2012 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.09.006

• D. Lidzey, A. Borrows, et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2014 DOI: 10.1039/C4EE01546K

• B. Guo, Y. Li, W. Wong, et al., ACS Energy Lett., 2018 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01448

ICBA

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Description:

ICBA is a fullerene material possessing a high LUMO energy level (0.17 eV higher than PCBM) opening for potentially further increase of the open-circuit voltage of organic solar cells.

Full name:

C60 derivative, indene-C60 bisadduct, mixture of isomers

Alternative name:

ICBA

Chemical composition:

C₇₈H₁₆

CAS number:

1207461-57-1

Typical properties:

M_W: 952.99 g/mol

Colour and texture: Amber to black powder or crystals

Absorption: λ_max = 318 (in DCM)

HOMO energy level: -5.4 eV

LUMO energy level: -3.97 eV

Melting point: >260 °C

Solubility (solvent): N/A

References:

• Y. He, Y. Li, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010 DOI: 10.1021/ja908602j

• Y. Cheng, Y. Li, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010 DOI: 10.1021/ja108259n