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Home > Materials > Hole transport materials and dopants

Hole transport materials and dopants

Hole transport materials (HTMs) are one of the key compounds in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), both for the n-i-p and the p-i-n device structures. HTMs can also be used to replace the liquid electrolyte of conventional dye-sensitized solar cells to make solid-state DSSC (ss-DSSC) devices. Dyenamo offers a selection of hole conductors and dopants allowing the user to find the material best suited for their application and device technology. For larger amounts than the ones displayed, please contact us. Likewise, please contact us for consultation services on how to use our hole conductors in an optimized manner.

Further strategic Dyenamo material-components for perovskite solar cells can be found in the product categories: Perovskite precursors and additives, Carbon pastes, TiO2 and platinum pastes and FTO glass.

Overview

Product code Name HOMO (eV) LUMO (eV) Mobility (cm2 V-1 s-1) λabs (nm) Recommended use
DN-X01 X51 -5.14 -2.21 1.5*10-4 365 HTM for n-i-p PSC, ss-DSSC
DN-X04 TPAA -5.35 - - - HTM for n-i-p PSC, ss-DSSC
DN-X05 PTAA -5.20 -2.30 1.0*10-3 395 HTM for n-i-p PSC, ss-DSSC
DN-X06 X44 -5.06 -2.12 9.0*10-4 381 HTM for n-i-p PSC
DN-X09 2PACz - - - - HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV
DN-X10 Me-4PACz - - - - HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV
DN-X11 TaTm -5.40 -2.35 4.0*10-4 390 HTM for p-i-n PSC
DN-X12 Br-2PACz - - - - HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPVOrganic solar cells
DN-X13 MeO-2PACz - - - - HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV
DN-X15 4PACz - - - - HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV
DN-X16 3PACz - - - - HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV
DN-X17 F-4PACz - - - - HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV
DN-X18 F-2PACz -5.9 -2.6 - - HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV
DN-X19 Cl-2PACz -6.0 -2.7 - - HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV
DN-X20 I-2PACz -6.0 -2.6 - - HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV
DN-X23 Cl-4PACz - - - - HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV
DN-X24 Br-4PACz - - - - HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV
DN-X25 I-4PACz - - - - HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV
DN-X31 6PACz - - - - HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV
DN-X26 4PADCB (Cbs-Naph) - - - - HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV
DN-EVHC01 Spiro-OMeTAD -5.13 -2.06 8.1*10-5 388 HTM for n-i-p PSC, p-i-n PSC
DN-P03 FK102 - - - - p-type dopant for HTMs
DN-P04 FK209 - - - - p-type dopant for HTMs
DN-P16 F4TCNQ -8.34 -5.24 - - p-type dopant for HTMs
DN-P17 Zn(TFSI)2 - - - - p-type dopant for HTMs
DN-P20 F6-TCNNQ -9.32 -5.37 - - p-type dopant for HTMs




DN-X01

X51

Description:
X51 is a high-performance carbazole-based hole transport material (HTM) suitable for use in DSSC's and perovskite solar cells. In combination with a metal-free dye such as DN-F05, device power conversion efficiencies exceeding that of Spiro-OMeTAD has been achieved.

Full name:
9,9'-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis(N3,N3,N6,N6-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-9H-carbazole-3,6-diamine)

CAS number:
1630723-99-7

Typical properties:
HOMO = -5.14 eV
LUMO = -2.21 eV
Eox (DCM) = 0.64 V vs. NHE
Hole mobility = 1.5*10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1
λabs (DCM) = 365 nm, 307 nm (max)
MW = 1393.65 g/mol
Reorganization energy = 378 meV (calc.)

Recommended device concept:
• n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
• solid-state DSSC

References:
• Bo Xu, et al., Adv. Mater., 2014, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402415









DN-X04

tris(4-methoxyphenyl)amine

Description:
Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)amine is a small and versatile redox-active molecule which can be employed in both liquid and solid-state solar cells. In DSSCs with liquid electrolyte it can be used together with a metal-based redox couple to enable exceptionally fast dye regeneration, giving easy access to >10% efficiencies. In solid-state solar cells it may be used as a low cost hole-transporting material, either by itself or combined with another material such as P3HT.

Alternative name:
TPAA, TAA, tris(p-anisyl)amine, tris(para-anisyl)amine

CAS number:
13050-56-1

Typical properties:
Eox (DCM) = 0.85 V vs. NHE
MW = 335.40 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
• solid-state DSSC

References:
• J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 18070-18078, DOI: 10.1021/jp3052449
Chem. Mater., 2001, 13 (11), pp 4105-4111, DOI: 10.1021/cm010281p
• Nature Commun. 7 (2016) 13934, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13934





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DN-X05

Poly(triaryl amine)



Description:
p-type polymeric semiconductor used in perovskite solar cells, OLEDs and other organic electronics applications. In perovskite solar cells it has been used with great success, enabling efficiencies in excess of 20%. More recently, it has also been shown that PTAA plays an important part in making highly stable perovskite solar cells by preventing metal atoms from the electrode from diffusing into the perovskite.

Full name:
Poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine]

Alternative name:
PTAA

CAS number:
1333317-99-9

Typical properties:
HOMO = -5.20 eV
LUMO = -2.30 eV
Hole mobility = 1.0*10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1
λabs = 395 nm
Mn = 25 000 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
• solid-state DSSC

References:
• Michael Saliba, et al., Science, 2016, DOI: 10.1126/science.aah5557
• Woon Seok Yang, et al., Science, 2015, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa9272
• Jin Hyuck Heo, et al., Nature Photonics, 2013, DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.80





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DN-X06

X44

Description:
A dopant-free ionic hole transport material suitable for use in perovskite solar cells. By avoiding dopants good stability and improved reproducibility can be achieved. Through the introduction of quarternary amine functional groups permanent charges are incorporated into the material. DN-X06 displays an order of magnitude higher hole conductivity compared to undoped spiro-OMeTAD.

Full name:
3,3'-(2,7-bis(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-9H-fluorene-9,9-diyl)bis(N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-aminium) bis[bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide]

Typical properties:
HOMO = -5.06 eV
LUMO = -2.12 eV
Eox (DCM) = 0.62 V vs NHE
Hole mobility = 9.0*10-4 S cm-1
λabs (DCM) = 381 nm
MW = 1409.44 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• n-i-p Perovskite solar cells

References:
• J. Zhang, et al., Adv. Energy Mater, 2017, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201602736

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DN-X09

2PACz

Description:
DN-X09 is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides. The SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the perovskite absorber without non-radiative losses. Demonstrated high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.1% and 23.26% in inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells and monolithic CIGSe/perovskite tandem solar cells, respectively.

Full name:
(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid

CAS number:
20999-38-6

Typical properties:
λabs (on ITO glass) = 340 nm
MW = 275.24 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

References:
• Amran Ashouri, et al., Energy & Environmental Science, 2019, DOI: 10.1039/c9ee02268f

Additional information
This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.


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DN-X10

Me-4PACz

Description:
DN-X10 is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides. The SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the perovskite absorber without non-radiative losses. Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with a with a certified power conversion efficiency of 29.15% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.

Full name:
[4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid

Typical properties:
MW = 331.35 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

References:
• Amran Al-Ashouri et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016

Additional information
This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.

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DN-X11

TaTm

Description:
DN-X11 is a high performance vacuum deposited small molecule hole transport material that is suitable for use in inverted p-i-n type perovskite solar cells. DN-X11 has high thermal stability and intrinsic hole mobility (4 * 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1). Demonstrated high-power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20 % in vacuum deposited inverted (p-i-n) PSCs.

Full name:
N4,N4,N4'',N4''-tetra([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-[1,1':4',1''-terphenyl]-4,4''-diamine

CAS number:
952431-34-4

Typical properties:
Purity: 99.9 %
HOMO = -5.40 eV
LUMO = -2.35 eV
Hole mobility = 4 * 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1
MW = 869.12 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

References:
• Cristina Momblona, et al., Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, DOI: 10.1039/c6ee02100j

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DN-X12

Br-2PACz

Description:
DN-X12 is a Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM) hole conductor, that was used to obtain an impressive 18.4 % efficiency for organic solar cell (OPV), DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100707. This is Dyenamo's first product that has been specifically developed for OPVs.

Full name:
[2-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid

Typical properties:
HOMO = -6.01 eV
LUMO = -2.64 eV
Hole mobility = 5.4 * 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1
MW = 433.03 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• organic solar cells (OPV)

References:
• Lin et al., ChemSusChem 2021, 14, 1-11 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100707

Additional information:
This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.

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DN-X13

MeO-2PACz

Description:
MeO-2PACz is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides. Especially, by mixing with 2PACz ([2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid), they can bridge the interface due to the excellent hole selectivity and reduced interfacial recombination. Such mixture has achieved certified PCE of 24.4% for flexible all-perovskite tandem solar cells and certified PCE of 23.26% on 1 cm2 CIGSe/perovskite tandem solar cells, respectively.

Full name:
[2-(3,6-dimeth oxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid)

Typical properties:
MW = 335.3 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

References:
• Amran Al-Ashouri et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016

Additional information:
This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.

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DN-X15

4PACz

Description:
DN-X15 (4PACz) a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). DN-X15 is one simplified alternative to DN-X10 (Me-4PACz). The SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the perovskite absorber by mitigating interfacial recombination and facilitates hole extraction. Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with a certified power conversion efficiency of 29.2% and 29.8% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. DN-X15 (4PACz) is expected to be on par with Me-4PACz in hole extraction in perovskite and tandem devices.

Full name:
(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid

Typical properties:
MW = 303.30 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

References:
•P., Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8

• A. Amran, K. Eike, L. Bor et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016

Additional information:
This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.

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DN-X16

3PACz

Description:
DN-X16 (3PACz) a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). DN-X16 is one simplified alternative to DN-X10 (Me-4PACz). The PACz monolayers exhibit higher optical transmittance and lower resistance, in addition, the PACz SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the photo absorber of PSCs and OPVs, mitigates interfacial recombination and facilitates hole extraction. In OPV devices, 3PACz showed superior device performance in comparison with 2PACz and 4PACz. In PSCs, Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with a certified power conversion efficiency of 29.2% and 29.8% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. DN-X16 (4PACz) is expected to be on par with Me-4PACz in hole extraction in perovskite and tandem devices.

Full name:
(3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)propyl)phosphonic acid

Typical properties:
MW = 289.27 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

References:
•P., Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8

• A. Amran, K. Eike, L. Bor et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016

• B.Haijun, D. Kunal, W. Junke et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2022, DOI: 10.021/acsami.2c01900

Additional information:
This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.


Select amount for quotation



DN-X17

F-4PACz

Description:
DN-X17 (F-4PACz) a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). The PACz monolayers exhibit higher optical transmittance and lower resistance, in addition, the PACz SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the photo absorber of PSCs and OPVs, mitigates interfacial recombination and facilitates hole extraction. In PSCs, Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with record-breaking certified power conversion efficiency of 29.2% and 29.8% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Lately, the introduction of halogen atoms, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reducing the resistance and mitigating the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSC devices. DN-X17 (F-4PACz), which is from the same family of Me-4PACz, is expected to be on par with Me-4PACz in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction of Si/Perovskite, Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, as well as OPVs.

Full name:
(4-(3,6-difluoro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid

Typical properties:
MW = 339.28 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

References:
•P., Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8

• A. Amran, K. Eike, L. Bor et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016

• B.Haijun, D. Kunal, W. Junke et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2022, DOI: 10.021/acsami.2c01900

• Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503


Additional information:
This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.

Select amount for quotation



DN-X18

F-2PACz

Description:
DN-X18 (F-2PACz) is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). And the introduction of halogen atoms in the SAM molecules, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X18 (F-2PACz) is expected to show a boosted effect in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite and Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.

Full name:
(2-(3,6-difluoro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid

Typical properties:
MW = 311.22 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

References:
• Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503

Additional information:
This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.

Select amount for quotation



DN-X19

Cl-2PACz

Description:
DN-X19 (Cl-2PACz) is a chlorine substituted carbazole based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). The introduction of halogen atoms, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X19 (Cl-2PACz) is expected to have unique roles in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite, Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.

Full name:
(2-(3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid

Typical properties:
MW = 344.13 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

References:
• Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503

Additional information:
This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.

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DN-X20

I-2PACz

Description:
DN-X20 (I-2PACz) is a carbazole based-molecule with iodine substitution and phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). The introduction of halogen atoms, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X20 (I-2PACz) is expected to have unique roles in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite, Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.

Full name:
(2-(3,6-diiodo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid

Typical properties:
MW = 527.04 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

References:
• Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503

Additional information:
This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.

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DN-X23

Cl-4PACz

Description:
DN-X23 (Cl-4PACz) is a carbazole-based molecule with chorine as capping group and phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). In PSCs, Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with record-breaking certified power conversion efficiency of 29.2% and 29.8% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. And the introduction of halogen atoms into the SAM molecules, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X23 (Cl-4PACz), which is from the same family as Me-4PACz, is expected to show boosted effects in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite, Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.

Full name:
(4-(3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid

Typical properties:
MW = 372.18 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

References:
•P., Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8

• A. Amran, K. Eike, L. Bor et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016

• Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503

Additional information:
This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.

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DN-X24

Br-4PACz

Description:
DN-X24 (Br-4PACz) is a carbazole-based molecule with bromine as interaction group to the perovskite and phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). The introduction of halogen atoms in SAM molecules, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X24 (Br-4PACz) is expected show exclusive effects in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite and Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.

Full name:
(4-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid

Typical properties:
MW = 461.09 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

References:
• Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503

Additional information:
This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.

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DN-X25

I-4PACz

Description:
DN-X24 (I-4PACz) is a carbazole-based molecule with bromine as interaction group to the perovskite and phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). The introduction of halogen atoms in SAM molecules, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X24 (I-4PACz) is expected show exclusive effects in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite and Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.

Full name:
(4-(3,6-diiodo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid

Typical properties:
MW = 555.09 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

References:
• Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503

Additional information:
This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.

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DN-X31

6PACz

Description:
DN-X31 (6PACz) is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or flexible substrates). As an alternative to the bench-marking DN-X10 (Me-4PACz), DN-X31 with a longer alkyl chain will bring other SAM packing patterns and thereby generate new charge transport channels and mechanisms.

Full name:
(6-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)hexyl)phosphonic acid

Typical properties:
MW = 331.35 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

References:
• P. Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz, et al., Nature Nanotech., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8

• I. levine, T. Unold, S. Albrecht, T. Dittrich, et al., Joule, 2021, DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2021.07.016

Additional information:
This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.

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DN-X26

4PADCB

Description:
DN-X26 (4PADCB or CbzNaph) is a novel SAM molecule constructed with an extended conjugated terminal group of 7H-dibenzocarbazole (DCB) and was successfully used in inverted perovskite solar cells and all perovskite tandem devices. With DX-26 as SAM, improved film coverage and surface wettability was obatined. These properties allow fast hole extraction and suppress interfacial non-radiative recombination losses.

Full name:
(4-(7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazol-7-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid

Typical properties:
MW = 403.42 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

References:
• W. Jiang, F. Li, M. Li, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213560

• R. He, W. Wang, Z. Yi, et al., Nature, 2023, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05992-y

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DN-EVHC01

Spiro-OMeTAD

Description:
Spiro-OMeTAD is the reference hole-transport material for solid-state DSSCs and Perovskite solar cells.

Full name:
2,2',7,7'-Tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene

CAS number:
207739-72-8

Typical properties:
HOMO = -5.13 eV
LUMO = -2.06 eV
Hole mobility = 8.1*10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1
λabs.max = 388 nm
MW = 1225.43 g/mol

Recommended device concept:
• n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells


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DN-P03

FK102

Description:
Cobalt-based p-type dopant for organic hole conductors, such as spiro-MeOTAD

Full name:
Tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine)cobalt(III) tri(hexafluorophosphate)

CAS number:
1346416-70-3

Typical properties:
MW = 929.32 g/mol

Specification:
Product specification DN-P03: FK102

Reference:
• J. Burschka et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 18042-18045 DOI: 10.1021/ja207367t


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DN-P04

FK209

Description:
Cobalt-based p-type dopant for organic hole conductors, such as spiro-MeOTAD

Full name:
Tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-tert-butylpyridine)-cobalt(III) Tris(bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide)

CAS number:
1447938-61-5

Typical properties:
MW = 1503.16 g/mol

Specification:
Product specification DN-P04: FK209

Reference:
• Julian Burschka, et al. Chem. Mater. 25, 2986 (2013) DOI: 10.1021/cm400796u



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DN-P16

F4TCNQ

Description:
F4TCNQ is a strong molecular p-type dopant with a very wide range of applications stretching from perovskite solar cells to OPV, OLED and OFET. In 2018 it was demonstrated that adding a low (0.03%) concentration of F4TCNQ to the perovskite precursor solution enables the fabrication of >20% efficient HTM-free PSCs (ITO/perovskite/ETL/Cu structure). The F4TCNQ offered by Dyenamo is a high purity (>99%) sublimed grade material.

Chemical name:
2,2'-(perfluorocyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-diylidene)dimalononitrile

Alternative name:
2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, F4-TCNQ

Chemical composition:
C12F4N4

CAS number:
29261-33-4

Typical properties:
LUMO = -5.24 eV
HOMO = -8.34 eV
Mw = 276.15 g/mol

Reference:
• Nature Communications, 2018, 1625 (9), DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04028-8
DN-P16
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DN-P17

Zn(TFSI)2

Description:
Zn(TFSI)2 can be used in place of LiTFSI as a p-type dopant for hole transport materials in perovskite solar cells. Substantial benefits over LiTFSI in terms of device performance and stability have been demonstrated when Zn(TFSI)2 is used in conjunction with Spiro-MeOTAD.

Chemical name:
Zinc(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide

Alternative name:
Zn-TFSI2

Chemical composition:
C4F12N2O8S4Zn

CAS number:
168106-25-0

Typical properties:
Mw = 625.65 g/mol

Specification:
Product specification DN-P17: Zn(TFSI)2

Reference:
• Energy Environ. Sci., 2018,11, 2985-2992, DOI: 10.1039/c8ee01500g
DN-P17
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DN-P20

F6-TCNNQ

Description:
F6-TCNNQ is a high electron affinity molecular dopant for hole-transport materials with a very wide range of applications stretching from perovskite solar cells to OPV, OLED and OFET. F6-TCNNQ is also a vacuum deposited molecular dopant that could be used together with hole transport-material TaTm for p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PCE > 20%)

Chemical name:
2,2'-(perfluoronaphthalene-2,6-diylidene)dimalononitrile

CAS number:
912482-15-6

Typical properties:
LUMO = -5.37 eV
HOMO = -9.32 eV
Mw = 362.19 g/mol

Reference:
• Cristina Momblona, et al., Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, DOI: 10.1039/c6ee02100j
• Fengyu Zhang, et al., Advanced Functional Materials, 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201703780
DN-P20


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