Hole transport materials and dopants

X51

Description:

X51 is a high-performance carbazole-based hole transport material (HTM) suitable for use in DSSC's and perovskite solar cells. In combination with a metal-free dye such as DN-F05, device power conversion efficiencies exceeding that of Spiro-OMeTAD has been achieved.

Full name:

9,9'-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis(N³,N³,N⁶,N⁶-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-9H-carbazole-3,6-diamine)

CAS number:

1630723-99-7

Typical properties:

HOMO = -5.14 eV

LUMO = -2.21 eV

E_ox (DCM) = 0.64 V vs. NHE

Hole mobility = 1.5*10^-4 cm² V^-1 s^-1

λ_abs (DCM) = 365 nm, 307 nm (max)

M_W = 1393.65 g/mol

Reorganization energy = 378 meV (calc.)

Recommended device concept:

• n-i-p Perovskite solar cells

• solid-state DSSC

References:

• Bo Xu, et al., Adv. Mater., 2014, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402415

tris(4-methoxyphenyl)amine

Description:

Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)amine is a small and versatile redox-active molecule which can be employed in both liquid and solid-state solar cells. In DSSCs with liquid electrolyte it can be used together with a metal-based redox couple to enable exceptionally fast dye regeneration, giving easy access to >10% efficiencies. In solid-state solar cells it may be used as a low cost hole-transporting material, either by itself or combined with another material such as P3HT.

Alternative name:

TPAA, TAA, tris(p-anisyl)amine, tris(para-anisyl)amine

CAS number:

13050-56-1

Typical properties:

E_ox (DCM) = 0.85 V vs. NHE

M_W = 335.40 g/mol

Recommended device concept:

• n-i-p Perovskite solar cells

• solid-state DSSC

References:

• J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 18070-18078, DOI: 10.1021/jp3052449

• Chem. Mater., 2001, 13 (11), pp 4105-4111, DOI: 10.1021/cm010281p

• Nature Commun. 7 (2016) 13934, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13934

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Poly(triaryl amine)

Description:

p-type polymeric semiconductor used in perovskite solar cells, OLEDs and other organic electronics applications. In perovskite solar cells it has been used with great success, enabling efficiencies in excess of 20%. More recently, it has also been shown that PTAA plays an important part in making highly stable perovskite solar cells by preventing metal atoms from the electrode from diffusing into the perovskite.

Full name:

Poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine]

Alternative name:

PTAA

CAS number:

1333317-99-9

Typical properties:

HOMO = -5.20 eV

LUMO = -2.30 eV

Hole mobility = 1.0*10^-3 cm² V^-1 s^-1

λ_abs = 395 nm

M_n = 25 000 g/mol

Recommended device concept:

• n-i-p Perovskite solar cells

• solid-state DSSC

References:

• Michael Saliba, et al., Science, 2016, DOI: 10.1126/science.aah5557

• Woon Seok Yang, et al., Science, 2015, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa9272

• Jin Hyuck Heo, et al., Nature Photonics, 2013, DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.80

X44

Description:

A dopant-free ionic hole transport material suitable for use in perovskite solar cells. By avoiding dopants good stability and improved reproducibility can be achieved. Through the introduction of quarternary amine functional groups permanent charges are incorporated into the material. DN-X06 displays an order of magnitude higher hole conductivity compared to undoped spiro-OMeTAD.

Full name:

3,3'-(2,7-bis(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-9H-fluorene-9,9-diyl)bis(N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-aminium) bis[bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide]

Typical properties:

HOMO = -5.06 eV

LUMO = -2.12 eV

E_ox (DCM) = 0.62 V vs NHE

Hole mobility = 9.0*10^-4 S cm^-1

λ_abs (DCM) = 381 nm

M_W = 1409.44 g/mol

Recommended device concept:

• n-i-p Perovskite solar cells

References:

• J. Zhang, et al., Adv. Energy Mater, 2017, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201602736

TaTm

Description:

DN-X11 is a high performance vacuum deposited small molecule hole transport material that is suitable for use in inverted p-i-n type perovskite solar cells. DN-X11 has high thermal stability and intrinsic hole mobility (4 * 10^-3 cm² V^-1 s^-1). Demonstrated high-power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20 % in vacuum deposited inverted (p-i-n) PSCs.

Full name:

N⁴,N⁴,N^4'',N^4''-tetra([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-[1,1':4',1''-terphenyl]-4,4''-diamine

CAS number:

952431-34-4

Typical properties:

Purity: 99.9 %

HOMO = -5.40 eV

LUMO = -2.35 eV

Hole mobility = 4 * 10^-3 cm² V^-1 s^-1

M_W = 869.12 g/mol

Recommended device concept:

• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

References:

• Cristina Momblona, et al., Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, DOI: 10.1039/c6ee02100j

Spiro-OMeTAD

Description:

Spiro-OMeTAD is the reference hole-transport material for solid-state DSSCs and Perovskite solar cells.

Full name:

2,2',7,7'-Tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene

CAS number:

207739-72-8

Typical properties:

HOMO = -5.13 eV

LUMO = -2.06 eV

Hole mobility = 8.1*10^-5 cm² V^-1 s^-1

λ_abs.max = 388 nm

M_W = 1225.43 g/mol

Recommended device concept:

• n-i-p Perovskite solar cells

• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

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FK102

Description:

Cobalt-based p-type dopant for organic hole conductors, such as spiro-MeOTAD

Full name:

Tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine)cobalt(III) tri(hexafluorophosphate)

CAS number:

1346416-70-3

Typical properties:

M_W = 929.32 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P03: FK102

Reference:

• J. Burschka et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 18042-18045 DOI: 10.1021/ja207367t

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FK209

Description:

Cobalt-based p-type dopant for organic hole conductors, such as spiro-MeOTAD

Full name:

Tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-tert-butylpyridine)-cobalt(III) Tris(bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide)

CAS number:

1447938-61-5

Typical properties:

M_W = 1503.16 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P04: FK209

Reference:

• Julian Burschka, et al. Chem. Mater. 25, 2986 (2013) DOI: 10.1021/cm400796u

F4TCNQ

Description:

F4TCNQ is a strong molecular p-type dopant with a very wide range of applications stretching from perovskite solar cells to OPV, OLED and OFET. In 2018 it was demonstrated that adding a low (0.03%) concentration of F4TCNQ to the perovskite precursor solution enables the fabrication of >20% efficient HTM-free PSCs (ITO/perovskite/ETL/Cu structure). The F4TCNQ offered by Dyenamo is a high purity (>99%) sublimed grade material.

Chemical name:

2,2'-(perfluorocyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-diylidene)dimalononitrile

Alternative name:

2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, F4-TCNQ

Chemical composition:

C₁₂F₄N₄

CAS number:

29261-33-4

Typical properties:

LUMO = -5.24 eV

HOMO = -8.34 eV

M_w = 276.15 g/mol

Reference:

• Nature Communications, 2018, 1625 (9), DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04028-8

Zn(TFSI)₂

Description:

Zn(TFSI)₂ can be used in place of LiTFSI as a p-type dopant for hole transport materials in perovskite solar cells. Substantial benefits over LiTFSI in terms of device performance and stability have been demonstrated when Zn(TFSI)₂ is used in conjunction with Spiro-MeOTAD.

Chemical name:

Zinc(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide

Alternative name:

Zn-TFSI₂

Chemical composition:

C₄F₁₂N₂O₈S₄Zn

CAS number:

168106-25-0

Typical properties:

M_w = 625.65 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P17: Zn(TFSI)₂

Reference:

• Energy Environ. Sci., 2018,11, 2985-2992, DOI: 10.1039/c8ee01500g

NiO_x

Description:

DN-IH01 (NiO_x) is a water-dispersible inorganic P-type metal oxide with merits of high carrier mobility, deep and aligned energy levels, high optical transparency, and good chemical stability. Collectively, these features make the material a promising HTM candidate for stable and efficient inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells. With NiO_x as HTL alone, perovskite solar cells exceeding 24% efficiency have been reported. In addition, SAM-modified NiO_x layers, i.e. SAM/NiO_x bilayers, have emerged as an attractive route to scalable production of inverted perovskite devices and Si-perovskite tandem devices. In addition to the scalability, such SAM/NiOx bilayers are effective in optimizing the energy alignment mitigating interfacial charge recombination losses with advantages of forming more uniform and stable hole-selective contacts in conrast to SAMs alone.

Full name:

Nickel oxide

Typical properties:

M_W = 74.69 g/mol

Recommended device concept:

• p-i-n Perovskite solar cells

References:

• H. Chen, E. Sargent, Z. Ning, et al., Adv. Mater., 2019, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903559

• J. Xu, H. Chen, L. Grater, et al., Nature Mater., 2023, DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01705-y

• Z. Li, Z. Zhu, et al., Science, 2023, DOI: 10.1126/science.ade9637

• Y. Shiqi, J. You, et al., Science, 2023, DOI: 10.1126/science.adj8858

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