Hole transport materials (HTMs) are one of the key compounds in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), both for the n-i-p and the p-i-n device structures. HTMs can also be used to replace the liquid electrolyte of conventional dye-sensitized solar cells to make solid-state DSSC (ss-DSSC) devices. Dyenamo offers a selection of hole conductors and dopants allowing the user to find the material best suited for their application and device technology. For larger amounts than the ones displayed, please contact us. Likewise, please contact us for consultation services on how to use our hole conductors in an optimized manner.
Further strategic Dyenamo material-components for perovskite solar cells can be found in the product categories: Perovskite precursors and additives, Carbon pastes, TiO2 and platinum pastes and FTO glass.
Overview
Product code |
Name |
HOMO (eV) |
LUMO (eV) |
Mobility (cm2 V-1 s-1) |
λabs (nm) |
Recommended use |
DN-X01 |
X51 |
-5.14 |
-2.21 |
1.5*10-4 |
365 |
HTM for n-i-p PSC, ss-DSSC |
DN-X02 |
X60 |
-5.15 |
-2.10 |
1.9*10-4 |
387 |
HTM for n-i-p PSC, ss-DSSC |
DN-X03 |
X59 |
-5.15 |
-2.10 |
5.5*10-5 |
387 |
HTM for n-i-p PSC |
DN-X04 |
TPAA |
-5.35 |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for n-i-p PSC, ss-DSSC |
DN-X05 |
PTAA |
-5.20 |
-2.30 |
1.0*10-3 |
395 |
HTM for n-i-p PSC, ss-DSSC |
DN-X06 |
X44 |
-5.06 |
-2.12 |
9.0*10-4 |
381 |
HTM for n-i-p PSC |
DN-X07 |
X55 |
-5.23 |
-2.26 |
6.8*10-4 |
402 |
HTM for n-i-p PSC, p-i-n PSC |
DN-X08 |
X62 |
-5.14 |
-2.22 |
7.9*10-5 |
383 |
HTM for n-i-p PSC |
DN-X09 |
2PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV |
DN-X10 |
Me-4PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV |
DN-X11 |
TaTm |
-5.40 |
-2.35 |
4.0*10-4 |
390 |
HTM for p-i-n PSC |
DN-X12 |
Br-2PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPVOrganic solar cells |
DN-X13 |
MeO-2PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV |
DN-X15 |
4PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV |
DN-X16 |
3PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV |
DN-X17 |
F-4PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV |
DN-X18 |
F-2PACz |
-5.9 |
-2.6 |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV |
DN-X19 |
Cl-2PACz |
-6.0 |
-2.7 |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV |
DN-X20 |
I-2PACz |
-6.0 |
-2.6 |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV |
DN-X23 |
Cl-4PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV |
DN-X24 |
Br-4PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV |
DN-X25 |
I-4PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV |
DN-X31 |
6PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV |
DN-X26 |
4PADCB (Cbs-Naph) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC & OPV |
DN-EVHC01 |
Spiro-OMeTAD |
-5.13 |
-2.06 |
8.1*10-5 |
388 |
HTM for n-i-p PSC, p-i-n PSC |
DN-P03 |
FK102 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
p-type dopant for HTMs |
DN-P04 |
FK209 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
p-type dopant for HTMs |
DN-P16 |
F4TCNQ |
-8.34 |
-5.24 |
- |
- |
p-type dopant for HTMs |
DN-P17 |
Zn(TFSI)2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
p-type dopant for HTMs |
DN-P20 |
F6-TCNNQ |
-9.32 |
-5.37 |
- |
- |
p-type dopant for HTMs |
DN-X01
X51
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- Description:
- X51 is a high-performance carbazole-based hole transport material (HTM) suitable for use in DSSC's and perovskite solar cells. In combination with a metal-free dye such as DN-F05, device power conversion efficiencies exceeding that of Spiro-OMeTAD has been achieved.
- Full name:
- 9,9'-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis(N3,N3,N6,N6-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-9H-carbazole-3,6-diamine)
- CAS number:
- 1630723-99-7
- Typical properties:
- HOMO = -5.14 eV
- LUMO = -2.21 eV
- Eox (DCM) = 0.64 V vs. NHE
- Hole mobility = 1.5*10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1
- λabs (DCM) = 365 nm, 307 nm (max)
- MW = 1393.65 g/mol
- Reorganization energy = 378 meV (calc.)
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- • solid-state DSSC
- References:
- • Bo Xu, et al., Adv. Mater., 2014, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402415
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DN-X02
X60
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- Description:
- X60 is a high-performance hole transport material highly that has proven itself as an economical replacement for spiro-OMeTAD in both perovskite and solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with demonstrated efficiencies of 19.8 and 7.3% respectively.
- Full name:
- octakis(4-methoxyphenyl)spiro[fluorene-9,9'-xanthene]-2,2',7,7'-tetraamine)
- CAS number:
- 1887794-22-0
- Typical properties:
- HOMO = -5.15 eV
- LUMO = -2.10 eV
- Eox (DCM) = 0.65 V vs. NHE
- Hole mobility = 1.9*10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1
- λabs = 387 nm
- MW = 1241.45 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- • solid-state DSSC
- References:
- • Bo Xu, et al., Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, DOI: 10.1039/C6EE00056H
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DN-X03
X59
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- Description:
- X59 is a high-performance hole transport material that has proven itself as an economical replacement for spiro-OMeTAD in perovskite solar cells with a demonstrated efficiency of 19.8%.
- Full name:
- N2,N2,N7,N7-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)spiro[fluorene-9,9'-xanthene]-2,7-diamine
- CAS number:
- 2095034-97-0
- Typical properties:
- HOMO = -5.15 eV
- LUMO = -2.10 eV
- Eox (DCM) = 0.65 V vs. NHE
- Hole mobility = 5.5*10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1
- λabs (PhMe) = 387 nm
- MW = 786.93 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Dongqin Bi, et al., Nano Energy, 2016, DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.03.020
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DN-X04
tris(4-methoxyphenyl)amine
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- Description:
- Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)amine is a small and versatile redox-active molecule which can be employed in both liquid and solid-state solar cells. In DSSCs with liquid electrolyte it can be used together with a metal-based redox couple to enable exceptionally fast dye regeneration, giving easy access to >10% efficiencies. In solid-state solar cells it may be used as a low cost hole-transporting material, either by itself or combined with another material such as P3HT.
- Alternative name:
- TPAA, TAA, tris(p-anisyl)amine, tris(para-anisyl)amine
- CAS number:
- 13050-56-1
- Typical properties:
- Eox (DCM) = 0.85 V vs. NHE
- MW = 335.40 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- • solid-state DSSC
- References:
- • J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 18070-18078, DOI: 10.1021/jp3052449
- • Chem. Mater., 2001, 13 (11), pp 4105-4111, DOI: 10.1021/cm010281p
- • Nature Commun. 7 (2016) 13934, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13934
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DN-X05
Poly(triaryl amine)
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- Description:
- p-type polymeric semiconductor used in perovskite solar cells, OLEDs and other organic electronics applications. In perovskite solar cells it has been used with great success, enabling efficiencies in excess of 20%. More recently, it has also been shown that PTAA plays an important part in making highly stable perovskite solar cells by preventing metal atoms from the electrode from diffusing into the perovskite.
- Full name:
- Poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine]
- Alternative name:
- PTAA
- CAS number:
- 1333317-99-9
- Typical properties:
- HOMO = -5.20 eV
- LUMO = -2.30 eV
- Hole mobility = 1.0*10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1
- λabs = 395 nm
- Mn = 25 000 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- • solid-state DSSC
- References:
- • Michael Saliba, et al., Science, 2016, DOI: 10.1126/science.aah5557
- • Woon Seok Yang, et al., Science, 2015, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa9272
- • Jin Hyuck Heo, et al., Nature Photonics, 2013, DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.80
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DN-X06
X44
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- Description:
- A dopant-free ionic hole transport material suitable for use in perovskite solar cells. By avoiding dopants good stability and improved reproducibility can be achieved. Through the introduction of quarternary amine functional groups permanent charges are incorporated into the material. DN-X06 displays an order of magnitude higher hole conductivity compared to undoped spiro-OMeTAD.
- Full name:
- 3,3'-(2,7-bis(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-9H-fluorene-9,9-diyl)bis(N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-aminium) bis[bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide]
- Typical properties:
- HOMO = -5.06 eV
- LUMO = -2.12 eV
- Eox (DCM) = 0.62 V vs NHE
- Hole mobility = 9.0*10-4 S cm-1
- λabs (DCM) = 381 nm
- MW = 1409.44 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • J. Zhang, et al., Adv. Energy Mater, 2017, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201602736
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DN-X07
X55
|
- Description:
- A high-performance pinhole-free hole-transport materials with excellent film forming ability, suitable for use in both n-i-p and p-i-n structured perovskite solar cells, with demonstrated device efficiencies of up to 20.8%.
- Full name:
- N2,N7-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-N2,N7-di(spiro[fluorene-9,9'-xanthen]-2-yl)spiro[fluorene-9,9'-xanthene]-2,7-diamine
- Typical properties:
- HOMO = -5.23 eV
- LUMO = -2.26 eV
- Eox (DCM) = 0.73 V vs NHE
- Hole mobility = 6.8*10-4 S cm-1
- λabs = 402 nm
- MW = 1235.45 g/mol
- Suggestions for use:
- The suggested concentration of X55 in n-i-p structured perovskite solar cells is around 30-40 mg in 1 ml chlorobenzene. The concentration of additives, such as tBP, LiTFSI and dopants can be kept the same as with Spiro-OMeTAD. The oxidation potential of X55 (0.73 V) is higher than that of Spiro-OMeTAD (0.63 V), so the oxygen doping method is not so efficient. Instead, a chemical dopant is recommended, such as FK209 or AgTFSI. For p-i-n structured perovskite solar cells the suggested concentration is around 15-20 mg in 1 ml chlorobenzene, and no additives are needed. The Dyenamo team offers consultation services on how to use X55 to make high efficiency perovskite solar cells. You are very welcome to contact us.
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • B. Xu, et al., Chem, 2017, DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.03.011
- • L. Vesce, et al., Energies 2021, 14(19), 6081; DOI: 10.3390/en14196081
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DN-X08
X62
|
- Description:
- A dopant-free hole transport material with a spiro[dibenzo[c,h]xanthene-7,9′-fluorene] (SDBXF) core. Demonstrated efficiency of 15.9% in perovskite solar cells without dopants (undoped Spiro-OMeTAD-based devices, 10.8%).
- Full name:
- N2',N2',N5,N5,N7',N7',N9,N9-octakis(4-methoxyphenyl)spiro[dibenzo-
[c,h]xanthene-7,9'-fluorene]-2',5,7',9-tetraamine
- Typical properties:
- HOMO = -5.14 eV
- LUMO = -2.22 eV
- Eox (DCM) = 0.67 V vs NHE
- Hole mobility = 7.9*10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1
- λabs (DCM) = 383 nm
- MW = 1341.57 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Chem. Commun., 2018,
54, 9571. DOI: 10.1016/10.1039/c8cc04026e
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DN-X09
2PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X09 is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides. The SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the perovskite absorber without non-radiative losses. Demonstrated high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.1% and 23.26% in inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells and monolithic CIGSe/perovskite tandem solar cells, respectively.
- Full name:
- (2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid
- CAS number:
- 20999-38-6
- Typical properties:
- λabs (on ITO glass) = 340 nm
- MW = 275.24 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Amran Ashouri, et al., Energy & Environmental Science, 2019, DOI: 10.1039/c9ee02268f
- Additional information
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X10
Me-4PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X10 is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides. The SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the perovskite absorber without non-radiative losses. Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with a with a certified power conversion efficiency of 29.15% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.
- Full name:
- [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 331.35 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Amran Al-Ashouri et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- Additional information
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X11
TaTm
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- Description:
- DN-X11 is a high performance vacuum deposited small molecule hole transport material that is suitable for use in inverted p-i-n type perovskite solar cells. DN-X11 has high thermal stability and intrinsic hole mobility (4 * 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1). Demonstrated high-power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20 % in vacuum deposited inverted (p-i-n) PSCs.
- Full name:
- N4,N4,N4'',N4''-tetra([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-[1,1':4',1''-terphenyl]-4,4''-diamine
- CAS number:
- 952431-34-4
- Typical properties:
- Purity: 99.9 %
- HOMO = -5.40 eV
- LUMO = -2.35 eV
- Hole mobility = 4 * 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1
- MW = 869.12 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Cristina Momblona, et al., Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, DOI: 10.1039/c6ee02100j
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DN-X12
Br-2PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X12 is a Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM) hole conductor, that was used to obtain an impressive 18.4 % efficiency for organic solar cell (OPV), DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100707. This is Dyenamo's first product that has been specifically developed for OPVs.
- Full name:
- [2-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- HOMO = -6.01 eV
- LUMO = -2.64 eV
- Hole mobility = 5.4 * 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1
- MW = 433.03 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • organic solar cells (OPV)
- References:
- • Lin et al., ChemSusChem 2021, 14, 1-11 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100707
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X13
MeO-2PACz
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- Description:
- MeO-2PACz is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides. Especially, by mixing with 2PACz ([2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid), they can bridge the interface due to the excellent hole selectivity and reduced interfacial recombination. Such mixture has achieved certified PCE of 24.4% for flexible all-perovskite tandem solar cells and certified PCE of 23.26% on 1 cm2 CIGSe/perovskite tandem solar cells, respectively.
- Full name:
- [2-(3,6-dimeth oxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid)
- Typical properties:
- MW = 335.3 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Amran Al-Ashouri et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X15
4PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X15 (4PACz) a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). DN-X15 is one simplified alternative to DN-X10 (Me-4PACz). The SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the perovskite absorber by mitigating interfacial recombination and facilitates hole extraction. Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with a certified power conversion efficiency of 29.2% and 29.8% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. DN-X15 (4PACz) is expected to be on par with Me-4PACz in hole extraction in perovskite and tandem devices.
- Full name:
- (4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 303.30 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- •P., Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8
- • A. Amran, K. Eike, L. Bor et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X16
3PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X16 (3PACz) a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). DN-X16 is one simplified alternative to DN-X10 (Me-4PACz). The PACz monolayers exhibit higher optical transmittance and lower resistance, in addition, the PACz SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the photo absorber of PSCs and OPVs, mitigates interfacial recombination and facilitates hole extraction. In OPV devices, 3PACz showed superior device performance in comparison with 2PACz and 4PACz. In PSCs, Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with a certified power conversion efficiency of 29.2% and 29.8% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. DN-X16 (4PACz) is expected to be on par with Me-4PACz in hole extraction in perovskite and tandem devices.
- Full name:
- (3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)propyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 289.27 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- •P., Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8
- • A. Amran, K. Eike, L. Bor et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- • B.Haijun, D. Kunal, W. Junke et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2022, DOI: 10.021/acsami.2c01900
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DN-X17
F-4PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X17 (F-4PACz) a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). The PACz monolayers exhibit higher optical transmittance and lower resistance, in addition, the PACz SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the photo absorber of PSCs and OPVs, mitigates interfacial recombination and facilitates hole extraction. In PSCs, Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with record-breaking certified power conversion efficiency of 29.2% and 29.8% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Lately, the introduction of halogen atoms, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reducing the resistance and mitigating the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSC devices. DN-X17 (F-4PACz), which is from the same family of Me-4PACz, is expected to be on par with Me-4PACz in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction of Si/Perovskite, Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, as well as OPVs.
- Full name:
- (4-(3,6-difluoro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 339.28 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- •P., Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8
- • A. Amran, K. Eike, L. Bor et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- • B.Haijun, D. Kunal, W. Junke et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2022, DOI: 10.021/acsami.2c01900
- • Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503
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DN-X18
F-2PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X18 (F-2PACz) is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). And the introduction of halogen atoms in the SAM molecules, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X18 (F-2PACz) is expected to show a boosted effect in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite and Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.
- Full name:
- (2-(3,6-difluoro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 311.22 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X19
Cl-2PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X19 (Cl-2PACz) is a chlorine substituted carbazole based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). The introduction of halogen atoms, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X19 (Cl-2PACz) is expected to have unique roles in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite, Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.
- Full name:
- (2-(3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 344.13 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X20
I-2PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X20 (I-2PACz) is a carbazole based-molecule with iodine substitution and phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). The introduction of halogen atoms, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X20 (I-2PACz) is expected to have unique roles in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite, Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.
- Full name:
- (2-(3,6-diiodo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 527.04 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X23
Cl-4PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X23 (Cl-4PACz) is a carbazole-based molecule with chorine as capping group and phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). In PSCs, Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with record-breaking certified power conversion efficiency of 29.2% and 29.8% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. And the introduction of halogen atoms into the SAM molecules, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X23 (Cl-4PACz), which is from the same family as Me-4PACz, is expected to show boosted effects in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite, Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.
- Full name:
- (4-(3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 372.18 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- •P., Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8
- • A. Amran, K. Eike, L. Bor et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- • Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X24
Br-4PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X24 (Br-4PACz) is a carbazole-based molecule with bromine as interaction group to the perovskite and phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). The introduction of halogen atoms in SAM molecules, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X24 (Br-4PACz) is expected show exclusive effects in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite and Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.
- Full name:
- (4-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 461.09 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X25
I-4PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X24 (I-4PACz) is a carbazole-based molecule with bromine as interaction group to the perovskite and phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). The introduction of halogen atoms in SAM molecules, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X24 (I-4PACz) is expected show exclusive effects in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite and Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.
- Full name:
- (4-(3,6-diiodo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 555.09 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X31
6PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X31 (6PACz) is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or flexible substrates). As an alternative to the bench-marking DN-X10 (Me-4PACz), DN-X31 with a longer alkyl chain will bring other SAM packing patterns and thereby generate new charge transport channels and mechanisms.
- Full name:
- (6-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)hexyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 331.35 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • P. Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz, et al., Nature Nanotech., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8
- • I. levine, T. Unold, S. Albrecht, T. Dittrich, et al., Joule, 2021, DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2021.07.016
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DN-X26
4PADCB
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- Description:
- DN-X26 (4PADCB or CbzNaph) is a novel SAM molecule constructed with an extended conjugated terminal group of 7H-dibenzocarbazole (DCB) and was successfully used in inverted perovskite solar cells and all perovskite tandem devices. With DX-26 as SAM, improved film coverage and surface wettability was obatined. These properties allow fast hole extraction and suppress interfacial non-radiative recombination losses.
- Full name:
- (4-(7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazol-7-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 403.42 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • W. Jiang, F. Li, M. Li, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213560
- • R. He, W. Wang, Z. Yi, et al., Nature, 2023, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05992-y
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DN-EVHC01
Spiro-OMeTAD
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- Description:
- Spiro-OMeTAD is the reference hole-transport material for solid-state DSSCs and Perovskite solar cells.
Full name:
- 2,2',7,7'-Tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene
CAS number:
- 207739-72-8
Typical properties:
- HOMO = -5.13 eV
- LUMO = -2.06 eV
- Hole mobility = 8.1*10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1
- λabs.max = 388 nm
- MW = 1225.43 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
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DN-P03
FK102
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- Description:
- Cobalt-based p-type dopant for organic hole conductors, such as spiro-MeOTAD
- Full name:
- Tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine)cobalt(III) tri(hexafluorophosphate)
- CAS number:
- 1346416-70-3
- Typical properties:
- MW = 929.32 g/mol
- Specification:
- Product specification DN-P03: FK102
- Reference:
- • J. Burschka et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 18042-18045 DOI: 10.1021/ja207367t
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DN-P04
FK209
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- Description:
Cobalt-based p-type dopant for organic hole conductors, such as spiro-MeOTAD
- Full name:
- Tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-tert-butylpyridine)-cobalt(III) Tris(bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide)
- CAS number:
- 1447938-61-5
- Typical properties:
- MW = 1503.16 g/mol
- Specification:
- Product specification DN-P04: FK209
- Reference:
- • Julian Burschka, et al. Chem. Mater. 25, 2986 (2013) DOI: 10.1021/cm400796u
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DN-P16
F4TCNQ
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- Description:
- F4TCNQ is a strong molecular p-type dopant with a very wide range of applications stretching from perovskite solar cells to OPV, OLED and OFET. In 2018 it was demonstrated that adding a low (0.03%) concentration of F4TCNQ to the perovskite precursor solution enables the fabrication of >20% efficient HTM-free PSCs (ITO/perovskite/ETL/Cu structure). The F4TCNQ offered by Dyenamo is a high purity (>99%) sublimed grade material.
- Chemical name:
- 2,2'-(perfluorocyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-diylidene)dimalononitrile
- Alternative name:
- 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, F4-TCNQ
- Empirical Formula:
- C12F4N4
- CAS number:
- 29261-33-4
- Typical properties:
- LUMO = -5.24 eV
- HOMO = -8.34 eV
- Mw = 276.15 g/mol
- Reference:
- • Nature Communications, 2018, 1625 (9), DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04028-8
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DN-P17
Zn(TFSI)2
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- Description:
- Zn(TFSI)2 can be used in place of LiTFSI as a p-type dopant for hole transport materials in perovskite solar cells. Substantial benefits over LiTFSI in terms of device performance and stability have been demonstrated when Zn(TFSI)2 is used in conjunction with Spiro-MeOTAD.
- Chemical name:
- Zinc(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide
- Alternative name:
- Zn-TFSI2
- Empirical Formula:
- C4F12N2O8S4Zn
- CAS number:
- 168106-25-0
- Typical properties:
- Mw = 625.65 g/mol
- Specification:
- Product specification DN-P17: Zn(TFSI)2
- Reference:
- • Energy Environ. Sci., 2018,11, 2985-2992, DOI: 10.1039/c8ee01500g
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DN-P20
F6-TCNNQ
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- Description:
- F6-TCNNQ is a high electron affinity molecular dopant for hole-transport materials with a very wide range of applications stretching from perovskite solar cells to OPV, OLED and OFET. F6-TCNNQ is also a vacuum deposited molecular dopant that could be used together with hole transport-material TaTm for p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PCE > 20%)
- Chemical name:
- 2,2'-(perfluoronaphthalene-2,6-diylidene)dimalononitrile
- CAS number:
- 912482-15-6
- Typical properties:
- LUMO = -5.37 eV
- HOMO = -9.32 eV
- Mw = 362.19 g/mol
- Reference:
- • Cristina Momblona, et al., Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, DOI: 10.1039/c6ee02100j
- • Fengyu Zhang, et al., Advanced Functional Materials, 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201703780
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