Hole transport materials (HTMs) are one of the key compounds in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), both for the n-i-p and the p-i-n device structures. HTMs can also be used to replace the liquid electrolyte of conventional dye-sensitized solar cells to make solid-state DSSC (ss-DSSC) devices. Dyenamo offers a selection of hole conductors and dopants allowing the user to find the material best suited for their application and device technology. For larger amounts than the ones displayed, please contact us. Likewise, please contact us for consultation services on how to use our hole conductors in an optimized manner.
Further strategic Dyenamo material-components for perovskite solar cells can be found in the product categories: Perovskite precursors and additives, Carbon pastes, TiO2 and platinum pastes and FTO glass.
Overview
| Product code |
Name |
HOMO (eV) |
LUMO (eV) |
Mobility (cm2 V-1 s-1) |
λabs (nm) |
Recommended use |
DN-X01 |
X51 |
-5.14 |
-2.21 |
1.5*10-4 |
365 |
HTM for n-i-p PSC, ss-DSSC |
| DN-X02 |
X60 |
-5.15 |
-2.10 |
1.9*10-4 |
387 |
HTM for n-i-p PSC, ss-DSSC |
| DN-X03 |
X59 |
-5.15 |
-2.10 |
5.5*10-5 |
387 |
HTM for n-i-p PSC |
| DN-X04 |
TPAA |
-5.35 |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for n-i-p PSC, ss-DSSC |
| DN-X05 |
PTAA |
-5.20 |
-2.30 |
1.0*10-3 |
395 |
HTM for n-i-p PSC, ss-DSSC |
| DN-X06 |
X44 |
-5.06 |
-2.12 |
9.0*10-4 |
381 |
HTM for n-i-p PSC |
| DN-X07 |
X55 |
-5.23 |
-2.26 |
6.8*10-4 |
402 |
HTM for n-i-p PSC, p-i-n PSC |
| DN-X08 |
X62 |
-5.14 |
-2.22 |
7.9*10-5 |
383 |
HTM for n-i-p PSC |
| DN-X09 |
2PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC |
| DN-X10 |
Me-4PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC |
| DN-EVH01 |
Spiro-OMeTAD |
-5.13 |
-2.06 |
8.1*10-5 |
388 |
HTM for n-i-p PSC, p-i-n PSC |
| DN-P03 |
FK102 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
p-type dopant for HTMs |
| DN-P04 |
FK209 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
p-type dopant for HTMs |
| DN-P17 |
Zn(TFSI)2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
p-type dopant for HTMs |
DN-X01
X51
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- Description:
- X51 is a high-performance carbazole-based hole transport material (HTM) suitable for use in DSSC's and perovskite solar cells. In combination with a metal-free dye such as DN-F05, device power conversion efficiencies exceeding that of Spiro-OMeTAD has been achieved.
- Full name:
- 9,9'-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis(N3,N3,N6,N6-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-9H-carbazole-3,6-diamine)
- CAS number:
- 1630723-99-7
- Typical properties:
- HOMO = -5.14 eV
- LUMO = -2.21 eV
- Eox (DCM) = 0.64 V vs. NHE
- Hole mobility = 1.5*10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1
- λabs (DCM) = 365 nm, 307 nm (max)
- MW = 1393.65 g/mol
- Reorganization energy = 378 meV (calc.)
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- • solid-state DSSC
- References:
- • Bo Xu, et al., Adv. Mater., 2014, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402415
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DN-X02
X60
|
- Description:
- X60 is a high-performance hole transport material highly that has proven itself as an economical replacement for spiro-OMeTAD in both perovskite and solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with demonstrated efficiencies of 19.8 and 7.3% respectively.
- Full name:
- octakis(4-methoxyphenyl)spiro[fluorene-9,9'-xanthene]-2,2',7,7'-tetraamine)
- CAS number:
- 1887794-22-0
- Typical properties:
- HOMO = -5.15 eV
- LUMO = -2.10 eV
- Eox (DCM) = 0.65 V vs. NHE
- Hole mobility = 1.9*10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1
- λabs = 387 nm
- MW = 1241.45 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- • solid-state DSSC
- References:
- • Bo Xu, et al., Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, DOI: 10.1039/C6EE00056H
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DN-X03
X59
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- Description:
- X59 is a high-performance hole transport material that has proven itself as an economical replacement for spiro-OMeTAD in perovskite solar cells with a demonstrated efficiency of 19.8%.
- Full name:
- N2,N2,N7,N7-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)spiro[fluorene-9,9'-xanthene]-2,7-diamine
- CAS number:
- 2095034-97-0
- Typical properties:
- HOMO = -5.15 eV
- LUMO = -2.10 eV
- Eox (DCM) = 0.65 V vs. NHE
- Hole mobility = 5.5*10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1
- λabs (PhMe) = 387 nm
- MW = 786.93 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Dongqin Bi, et al., Nano Energy, 2016, DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.03.020
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DN-X04
tris(4-methoxyphenyl)amine
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- Description:
- Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)amine is a small and versatile redox-active molecule which can be employed in both liquid and solid-state solar cells. In DSSCs with liquid electrolyte it can be used together with a metal-based redox couple to enable exceptionally fast dye regeneration, giving easy access to >10% efficiencies. In solid-state solar cells it may be used as a low cost hole-transporting material, either by itself or combined with another material such as P3HT.
- Alternative name:
- TPAA, TAA, tris(p-anisyl)amine, tris(para-anisyl)amine
- CAS number:
- 13050-56-1
- Typical properties:
- Eox (DCM) = 0.85 V vs. NHE
- MW = 335.40 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- • solid-state DSSC
- References:
- • J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 18070-18078, DOI: 10.1021/jp3052449
- • Chem. Mater., 2001, 13 (11), pp 4105-4111, DOI: 10.1021/cm010281p
- • Nature Commun. 7 (2016) 13934, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13934
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DN-X05
Poly(triaryl amine)
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- Description:
- p-type polymeric semiconductor used in perovskite solar cells, OLEDs and other organic electronics applications. In perovskite solar cells it has been used with great success, enabling efficiencies in excess of 20%. More recently, it has also been shown that PTAA plays an important part in making highly stable perovskite solar cells by preventing metal atoms from the electrode from diffusing into the perovskite.
- Full name:
- Poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine]
- Alternative name:
- PTAA
- CAS number:
- 1333317-99-9
- Typical properties:
- HOMO = -5.20 eV
- LUMO = -2.30 eV
- Hole mobility = 1.0*10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1
- λabs = 395 nm
- Mn = 25 000 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- • solid-state DSSC
- References:
- • Michael Saliba, et al., Science, 2016, DOI: 10.1126/science.aah5557
- • Woon Seok Yang, et al., Science, 2015, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa9272
- • Jin Hyuck Heo, et al., Nature Photonics, 2013, DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.80
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DN-X06
X44
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- Description:
- A dopant-free ionic hole transport material suitable for use in perovskite solar cells. By avoiding dopants good stability and improved reproducibility can be achieved. Through the introduction of quarternary amine functional groups permanent charges are incorporated into the material. DN-X06 displays an order of magnitude higher hole conductivity compared to undoped spiro-OMeTAD.
- Full name:
- 3,3'-(2,7-bis(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-9H-fluorene-9,9-diyl)bis(N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-aminium) bis[bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide]
- Typical properties:
- HOMO = -5.06 eV
- LUMO = -2.12 eV
- Eox (DCM) = 0.62 V vs NHE
- Hole mobility = 9.0*10-4 S cm-1
- λabs (DCM) = 381 nm
- MW = 1409.44 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • J. Zhang, et al., Adv. Energy Mater, 2017, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201602736
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DN-X07
X55
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- Description:
- A high-performance pinhole-free hole-transport materials with excellent film forming ability, suitable for use in both n-i-p and p-i-n structured perovskite solar cells, with demonstrated device efficiencies of up to 20.8%.
- Full name:
- N2,N7-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-N2,N7-di(spiro[fluorene-9,9'-xanthen]-2-yl)spiro[fluorene-9,9'-xanthene]-2,7-diamine
- Typical properties:
- HOMO = -5.23 eV
- LUMO = -2.26 eV
- Eox (DCM) = 0.73 V vs NHE
- Hole mobility = 6.8*10-4 S cm-1
- λabs = 402 nm
- MW = 1235.45 g/mol
- Suggestions for use:
- The suggested concentration of X55 in n-i-p structured perovskite solar cells is around 30-40 mg in 1 ml chlorobenzene. The concentration of additives, such as tBP, LiTFSI and dopants can be kept the same as with Spiro-OMeTAD. The oxidation potential of X55 (0.73 V) is higher than that of Spiro-OMeTAD (0.63 V), so the oxygen doping method is not so efficient. Instead, a chemical dopant is recommended, such as FK209 or AgTFSI. For p-i-n structured perovskite solar cells the suggested concentration is around 15-20 mg in 1 ml chlorobenzene, and no additives are needed. The Dyenamo team offers consultation services on how to use X55 to make high efficiency perovskite solar cells. You are very welcome to contact us.
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • B. Xu, et al., Chem, 2017, DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.03.011
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DN-X08
X62
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- Description:
- A dopant-free hole transport material with a spiro[dibenzo[c,h]xanthene-7,9′-fluorene] (SDBXF) core. Demonstrated efficiency of 15.9% in perovskite solar cells without dopants (undoped Spiro-OMeTAD-based devices, 10.8%).
- Full name:
- N2',N2',N5,N5,N7',N7',N9,N9-octakis(4-methoxyphenyl)spiro[dibenzo-
[c,h]xanthene-7,9'-fluorene]-2',5,7',9-tetraamine
- Typical properties:
- HOMO = -5.14 eV
- LUMO = -2.22 eV
- Eox (DCM) = 0.67 V vs NHE
- Hole mobility = 7.9*10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1
- λabs (DCM) = 383 nm
- MW = 1341.57 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Chem. Commun., 2018,
54, 9571. DOI: 10.1016/10.1039/c8cc04026e
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DN-X09
2PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X09 is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides. The SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the perovskite absorber without non-radiative losses. Demonstrated high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.1% and 23.26% in inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells and monolithic CIGSe/perovskite tandem solar cells, respectively.
- Full name:
- (2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid
- CAS number:
- 20999-38-6
- Typical properties:
- λabs (on ITO glass) = 340 nm
- MW = 275.24 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Amran Ashouri, et al., Energy & Environmental Science, 2019, DOI: 10.1039/c9ee02268f
- Additional information
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X10
Me-4PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X10 is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides. The SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the perovskite absorber without non-radiative losses. Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with a with a certified power conversion efficiency of 29.15% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.
- Full name:
- [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 331.35 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Amran Al-Ashouri et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- Additional information
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-EVH01
Eversolar® Spiro-OMeTAD
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- Description:
- Spiro-OMeTAD is the reference hole-transport material for solid-state DSSCs and Perovskite solar cells.
Full name:
- 2,2',7,7'-Tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene
CAS number:
- 207739-72-8
Typical properties:
- HOMO = -5.13 eV
- LUMO = -2.06 eV
- Hole mobility = 8.1*10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1
- λabs.max = 388 nm
- MW = 1225.43 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • n-i-p Perovskite solar cells
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
Additional information:
- Dyenamo is European distributor of Everlight's hole transport materials.
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DN-P03
FK102
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- Description:
- Cobalt-based p-type dopant for organic hole conductors, such as spiro-MeOTAD
- Full name:
- Tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine)cobalt(III) tri(hexafluorophosphate)
- CAS number:
- 1346416-70-3
- Typical properties:
- MW = 929.32 g/mol
- Specification:
- Product specification DN-P03: FK102
- Reference:
- • J. Burschka et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 18042-18045 DOI: 10.1021/ja207367t
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DN-P04
FK209
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- Description:
Cobalt-based p-type dopant for organic hole conductors, such as spiro-MeOTAD
- Full name:
- Tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-tert-butylpyridine)-cobalt(III) Tris(bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide)
- CAS number:
- 1447938-61-5
- Typical properties:
- MW = 1503.16 g/mol
- Specification:
- Product specification DN-P04: FK209
- Reference:
- • Julian Burschka, et al. Chem. Mater. 25, 2986 (2013) DOI: 10.1021/cm400796u
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DN-P17
Zn(TFSI)2
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- Description:
- Zn(TFSI)2 can be used in place of LiTFSI as a p-type dopant for hole transport materials in perovskite solar cells. Substantial benefits over LiTFSI in terms of device performance and stability have been demonstrated when Zn(TFSI)2 is used in conjunction with Spiro-MeOTAD.
- Chemical name:
- Zinc(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide
- Alternative name:
- Zn-TFSI2
- Empirical Formula:
- C4F12N2O8S4Zn
- CAS number:
- 168106-25-0
- Typical properties:
- Mw = 625.65 g/mol
- Specification:
- Product specification DN-P17: Zn(TFSI)2
- Reference:
- • Energy Environ. Sci., 2018,11, 2985-2992, DOI: 10.1039/c8ee01500g
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