Perovskite passivation materials

Piperazinium iodide

Description:

A multifunctional alkylammonium iodide salt containing both R₂NH- and R₂NH₂⁺-groups on the same six-membered ring, providing both electron-donor and electron-acceptor properties with the ability to react with different surface-terminating ends of perovskite films. The resulting perovskite films, after defect passivation, show relaxed residual surface stress, suppressed nonradiative recombination losses, and more pronounced n-type characteristics for sufficient energy transfer. In addition, PI can work as an electron-transport-layer modifier to replace the unstable LiF for improved device durability under thermal stress.

Full name:

Piperazinium iodide

Alternative name:

PI, Piperazin-1-ium iodide

CAS number:

56310-12-4

Chemical composition:

C₄H₁₁IN₂

Typical properties:

M_W = 214.00 g/mol

References:

• F. Li, Z. Zhu, A. K. Jen, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2020 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09845

• S. Mariotti, E. Köhnen, S. Albrecht, et al., Science, 2023, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2020 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf5872

Piperazinium chloride

Description:

A multifunctional alkylammonium chloride salt containing both R₂NH- and R₂NH₂⁺-groups on the same six-membered ring, providing both electron-donor and electron-acceptor properties with the ability to react with different surface-terminating ends of perovskite films. The resulting perovskite films, after defect passivation, show relaxed residual surface stress, suppressed nonradiative recombination losses, and more pronounced n-type characteristics for sufficient energy transfer. In addition, PCl can work as an electron-transport-layer modifier to replace the unstable LiF for improved device durability under thermal stress.

Full name:

Piperazinium chloride

Alternative name:

PCl, Piperazin-1-ium chloride

CAS number:

7542-23-6

Chemical composition:

C₄H₁₁ClN₂

Typical properties:

M_W = 122.06 g/mol

Piperazinium tosylate

Description:

A multifunctional alkylammonium tosylate salt containing both R₂NH- and R₂NH₂⁺-groups on the same six-membered ring, providing both electron-donor and electron-acceptor properties with the ability to react with different surface-terminating ends of perovskite films. The resulting perovskite films, after defect passivation, show relaxed residual surface stress, suppressed nonradiative recombination losses, and more pronounced n-type characteristics for sufficient energy transfer. In addition, PToS can work as an electron-transport-layer modifier to replace the unstable LiF for improved device durability under thermal stress. Moreover, the bulky tosylate anion (ToS^-) can improve the cell voltage and the stability of perovskite solar cells.

Full name:

Piperazinium tosylate

Alternative name:

PToS, Piperazin-1-ium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate, Piperazin-1-ium tosylate

Chemical composition:

C₄H₁₈N₂O₃S

Typical properties:

M_W = 258.10 g/mol

DMPESI

Description:

DN-PA04 represents a new approach for surface treatment to stabilize perovskite solar cells. In contrast to the widely developed ammonium salts, this aprotic sulfonium-based molecular material shows weaker interaction with water molecules and stronger interaction with the perovskite film. As a result, the surface treatment with DMPESI dramatically enhances the perovskite film and device stability under different conditions, including moisture, light soaking, and elevated temperature.

Full name:

Dimethylphenethylsulfonium iodide

Alternative name:

DMPESI

CAS number:

28289-44-3

Chemical composition:

C₁₀H₁₅IS

Typical properties:

M_W = 293.99 g/mol

References:

• J. Suo, B. Yang, A. Hagfeldt, et al., Nature Energy, 2023, DOI: 10.1038/s41560-023-01421-6

3MTPAI

Description:

DN-PA05 (3-(methylthio)propylaminehydroiodide, 3MTPAI) is a sulfur-modified methylthio-based passivator. Incorporation of sulfur as a donor atom in the alkyl chain leads to passivation of surface defects and suppresses recombination through strong coordination and hydrogen bonding. By combining DN-PA05 with diammonium molecules, such as DN-PA11 or DN-PA12, minority carriers (holes in the perovskite bulk film) can be repelled and thus interface recombination through field-effect passivation can be reduced. This approach has enabled a certified inverted perovskite solar cell efficiency of 25.1% and 28.1% in monolithic, all-perovskite, tandem solar cells.

Full name:

3-(methylthio)propylamine hydroiodide

Alternative name:

3MTPAI

Chemical composition:

C₄H₁₂INS

Typical properties:

M_W = 233.11 g/mol

References:

• C. Liu, E. H. Sargent, et al., Science, 2023, DOI: 10.1126/science.adk1633

Piperazinium bromide

Description:

DN-PA06 (PBr, Piperazinium bromide) is a multifunctional alkylammonium chloride salt containing both R₂NH and R₂NH₂⁺ groups on the same six-membered ring. The molecule behaves both as electron donor and electron acceptor reacting with different surface-terminating ends on perovskite films. The perovskite films show released surface residual stress, suppressed non-radiative recombination losses, and more n-type characteristics. In addition, PBr has been used as an ETL modifier in perovskite solar cell devices in order to replace the unstable LiF for better durability under thermal stress.

Full name:

Piperazinium bromide

Alternative name:

PBr, Piperazin-1-ium bromide

Chemical composition:

C₄H₁₁BrN₂

Typical properties:

M_W = 167.05 g/mol

References:

• F. Li, Z. Zhu, A. K. Jen, et al., J. Am. Cem. Soc., 2020, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09845

Piperazinium diiodide

Description:

DN-PA07 (PDI2) Piperazinium diiodide is a multifunctional alkylammonium iodide salt containing two R₂NH₂⁺ groups on the same six-membered ring. The molecule behaves both as electron donor and electron acceptor reacting with different surface-terminating ends on perovskite films. The resulting perovskite films show released surface residual stress, suppressed nonradiative recombination losses, and more n-type characteristics. In addition, and more importantly, PDI2 could work as an ETL modifier to replace the unstable LiF to improve the device durability under thermal stress.

Full name:

Piperazinium diiodide

Alternative name:

PDI2, Piperazin-1-ium diiodide

CAS number:

58464-47-4

Chemical composition:

C₄H₁₂I₂N₂

Typical properties:

M_W = 341.96 g/mol

References:

• Y. Zheng, Y. Li, C. Chen, et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2024, DOI: 10.1039/D3EE03435F

Morpholine hydroiodide

Description:

DN-PA08 (morpholine hydroiodide, MORI) is a passivation material for perovskite film interfaces designed by introducing a heteroatom O to replace N in the PDI2 molecule (DN-PA07).

Full name:

Morpholine hydroiodide

Alternative name:

MORI, Morpholin-4-ium iodide

CAS number:

58464-45-2

Chemical composition:

C₄H₁₀INO

Typical properties:

M_W = 215.03 g/mol

References:

• T. Wang, A. Jen, Y. Liu, et al., J. Am. Cem. Soc., 2024, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13576

Thiomorpholine hydroiodide

Description:

DN-PA09 (thiomorpholine hydroiodide, SMORI) is both a precursor for the construction of low-dimensional perovskite and a passivation material for perovskite interfaces. It includes a heteroatom S to replace N in the PI (DN-PA01) molecular core.

Full name:

Thiomorpholine hydroiodide

Alternative name:

SMORI, Thiomorpholin-4-ium iodide

CAS number:

118725-79-4

Chemical composition:

C₄H₁₀INS

Typical properties:

M_W = 231.10 g/mol

References:

• T. Wang, A. Jen, Y. Liu, et al., J. Am. Cem. Soc., 2024, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13576

DFPI

Description:

DN-PA10 (4,4-difluoropiperidine hydroiodide, DFPI) is both a precursor for the construction of low-dimensional perovskite films and a passivation material for perovskite interfaces. With DFPI as 2D-perovskite cation, a gradient formation of 2D-3D heterojunctions can be formed exhibiting low trap density, high carrier mobility, and superior water resistance. Perovskite solar cell efficiencies up to 24.87% with a high open-circuit voltage of 1.185 V have been shown.

Full name:

4,4-difluoropiperidine hydroiodide

Alternative name:

DFPI, 4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-ium iodide

CAS number:

3025538-01-3

Chemical composition:

C₅H₁₀F₂IN

Typical properties:

M_W = 249.04 g/mol

References:

• Z. Song, Y. Chen, et al., J. Am. Cem. Soc., 2024, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12446

Ethylenediammonium diiodide

Description:

DN-PA11 (EDAI) is a diammonium halide salt improving halide homogenization in wide band-gap-based, Br-rich perovskite materials, leading to a high open-circuit voltage and excellent operating stability. In addition, EDAI has shown positive effects of reducing pinhole issues by passivating the surface defect states thereby preventing Sn²⁺/Sn⁴⁺ oxidation.

Full name:

Ethylenediammonium diiodide

Alternative name:

EDAI, Ethane-1,2-diaminium diiodide

CAS number:

5700-49-2

Chemical composition:

C₂H₁₀I₂N₂

Typical properties:

M_W = 315.93 g/mol

References:

• J. Wang, L. Zeng, D. Zhang, et al., Nature Energy, 2024, DOI: 10.1038/s41560-023-01406-5

• E. Diau, E. Jokar et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2024, DOI: 10.1039/c8ee00956b

PDAI

Description:

DN-PA12 (PDAI) is a diammonium halide salt opening for halide homogenization in wide band-gap-based perovskite materials. In addition, PDAI is a suitable passivator in Sn-Pb mixed narrow band-gap-based devices as it makes the layer more resistive to Sn oxidation.

Full name:

Propane-1,3-diammonium iodide

Alternative name:

PDAI, 1,3-Diaminopropane dihydriodide, 1,3-Propanediamine dihydriodide, 1,3-Propanediamine dihydroiodide, Propane-1,3-diamino dihydriodide

CAS number:

120675-53-8

Chemical composition:

C₃H₁₂I₂N₂

Typical properties:

M_W = 329.95 g/mol

References:

• C. Li, E. H. Sargent, et al., Nature Energy, 2024, DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01613-8

• J. Wang, L. Zeng, D. Zhang, et al., Nature Energy, 2024, DOI: 10.1038/s41560-023-01406-5

• C. Liu, E. H. Sargent, et al., Science, 2023, DOI: 10.1126/science.adk1633

ODAI

Description:

DN-PA13 (ODAI) is a long carbon-chain-based diammonium salt passivator. ODADI incorporation has been shown to suppress intermediate phases and to promote the crystallization of perovskite films and to passivate defects in wide-band-gap perovskite films deposited by blade coating. Perovskite solar cell efficiencies up to 22% have been reported.

Full name:

Octane-1,8-diaminium diiodide

Alternative name:

ODAI, 1,8-Diaminooctane Dihydroiodide, Octane-1,8-diammonium Iodide, Octamethylenediamine Dihydroiodide

CAS number:

2044283-92-1

Chemical composition:

C₈H₂₂I₂N₂

Typical properties:

M_W = 400.09 g/mol

References:

• P. Jia, W. Ke, G. Fang, et al., Adv. Mater., 2024, DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400105

TEACl

Description:

DN-PA15 (TEACl) is a thiophene-based, aromatic ammonium salt used as passivation layer or component to construct 2D-perovskite materials, or 2D/3D heterojunctions in perovskite solar cell assemblies. TEACl has been used to enhance device performance and stability.

Full name:

2-thiopheneethylammonium chloride

Alternative name:

TEACl

CAS number:

86188-24-1

Chemical composition:

C₁₆H₁₀ClNS

Typical properties:

M_W = 163.66 g/mol

References:

• C. Chen, J. Liang, G. Fang, et al., Nano Energy, 2021, DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106608

CF3-TEACl

Description:

DN-PA16 (CF3-TEACl) is a fluorinated thiophenethylammonium compound, combining the advantages of providing conformal coverage and suppressing phase conversion on textured surfaces. Theoretical computational and experimental results demonstrate that introducing the trifluoromethyl group provides more effective surface passivation through strong interaction and energy alignment by forming a dipole layer. Consequently, utilizing this bifunctional molecule enables tandem cells based on industrial silicon wafers to generate a certified stabilized power conversion efficiency of 30.89%. In addition, encapsulated devices display excellent operational stability by retaining over 97% of their initial performance after 600 h continuous illumination.

Full name:

2-(5-(Trifluoromethyl)thiophen-2-yl)ethan-1-aminium chloride

Alternative name:

CF3-TEACl

CAS number:

1432679-31-6

Chemical composition:

C₇H₉F₃NS

Typical properties:

M_W = 231.66 g/mol

References:

• J. Chen, H. Zhang, K. Yao, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407151

3-F-PEAI

Description:

DN-PA17 (3-F-PEAI) is a flouro-substituted aromatic ammonium salt used as passivation layer or component to construct 2D perovskite films, or 2D/3D heterojunctions in perovskite solar cell assemblies. 2D perovskite films assembled with 3-F-PEAI show low formation energy, few defects, minimal recombination and long carrier lifetimes, thereby enhancing the device performance and stability.

Full name:

2-(3-Fluorophenyl)ethylamine hydroiodide

Alternative name:

m-FPEAI, 3-F-PEAI

Chemical composition:

C₈H₁₁FIN

Typical properties:

M_W = 267.09 g/mol

References:

• H. Chen, S. Teale, B. Chen, et al., Nature Photon., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41566-022-00985-1

• Y. Zheng, J. Chen, J. Cai, et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2024, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202304486

2-Cl-PEAI

Description:

DN-PA18 (2-Cl-PEAI) is a precursor for the preparation of perovskite-based opto-electronic systems including perovskite solar cells. It is a large organic cation, which helps to induce efficient defect passivation at the perovskite/ETL interface. Using 2-Cl-PEAI for surface modification at the perovskite/HTL interface, excellent hole extraction and negligible change of the electron-transport efficiency can be combined.

Full name:

2-Chloro-phenethylammonium iodide

Alternative name:

2-Cl-PEAI

Chemical composition:

C₈H₁₁ClIN

Typical properties:

M_W = 283.54 g/mol

References:

• C. Jiang, T. Qin, C. Yi, et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2024, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202304093

4-F-PEAI

Description:

DN-PA19 (4-F-PEAI) is used as a precursor in the preparation of perovskite-based opto-electronic systems including perovskite solar cells. It is a fluorinated long-chain organic spacer inducing a strong dipole field, which facilitates charge dissociation. The resulting 4-fluoro-phenethylammonium-based quasi-2D perovskites show excellent power conversion efficiencies, while demonstrating superior humidity and thermal device stability.

Full name:

4-Fluoro-phenethylammonium iodide

Alternative name:

4-F-PEAI

CAS number:

1413269-55-2

Chemical composition:

C₈H₁₁FIN

Typical properties:

M_W = 267.08 g/mol

References:

• M. Degani, Q. An, Y. Vaynzof, et al., Sci. Adv., 2021, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj7930

• J. Shi, Y. Gao, M. Shao, et al., Adv. Mater., 2019, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901673

• F. Zhang, D. H. Kim, K. Zhu, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2019, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00972

4-Cl-PEAI

Description:

DN-PA20 (4-Cl-PEAI) is a precursor designed to be used in preparation of perovskite-based opto-electronic systems including perovskite solar cells. It is a large organic cation which helps to induce efficient defect passivation at the perovskite/ETL interface.

Full name:

4-Chlorophenethylammonium iodide

Alternative name:

4-Cl-PEAI

CAS number:

1639014-61-1

Chemical composition:

C₈H₁₁ClIN

Typical properties:

M_W = 283.54 g/mol

References:

• M. Degani, Q. An, Y. Vaynzof, et al., Sci. Adv., 2021, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj7930

F3-PAI

Description:

DN-PA21 (F3-PAI) is an efficient passivator for acceptor-type defects on perovskite grain surfaces, as compared to phenethylammonium analogue due to the presence of the highly electronegative fluorine atoms. Very long carrier diffusion lengths within Pb-Sn perovskites amounting to over 5 μm have been demonstrated using F3-PAI as passivator. Consequently, a boosted efficiency of Pb-Sn perovskite solar cells to over 22% and a certified efficiency of 26.4% in all-perovskite tandem solar cells have been shown.

Full name:

3,4,5-Trifluorobenzenaminium iodide

Alternative name:

F3-PAI

Chemical composition:

C₆H₅F₃IN

Typical properties:

M_W = 275.01 g/mol

References:

• S. M. Park, E. H. Sargent, et al., Science, 2021, DOI: 10.1126/science.adi4107

CF3-PBAI

Description:

DN-PA22 (CF3-PBAI) is a binding passivator with respect to acceptor-type defects on perovskite grain surfaces. The introduction of bulky 4-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl ammonium cations (CF3-PBAI) into tin-based perovskite materials, such as [FA]SnI3, has been shown to form perovskite-graded heterostructures (GHS), proven to selectively extract photogenerated charge carriers at the perovskite/electron transport layer interface, to reduce the density of trap states in perovskite films, and to serve as an energy barrier against the undesirable oxidation of Sn²⁺ components.

Full name:

4-(Trifluoromethyl) benzyl ammonium iodide

Alternative name:

CF3-PBAI

CAS number:

2710811-32-6

Chemical composition:

C₈H₉F₃IN

Typical properties:

M_W = 303.07 g/mol

References:

• T. Wu, L. Han, et al., Solar RRL, 2020, DOI: 10.1002/solr.202000240

FPEA

Description:

DN-PA24 (FPEA) is a multifunctional passivator based on 9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (AQS) as anion. The molecule has resulted in regulation of perovskite crystallization by mediating the intermediate phases and suppressing the halide segregation through a redox-shuttle effect. FPEA as cation thus effectively passivates defects and adjusts the alignment of the interface energy levels.

Full name:

2-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)ethan-1-aminium 9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate

Alternative name:

FPEA

Chemical composition:

C₂₂H₁₆F₃O₅S

Typical properties:

M_W = 463.43 g/mol

References:

• Y. Li, A. Jen, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, DOI: 10.1002/anie.202412515

TDAI

Description:

DN-PA25 (TDAI), tetradecyl ammonium iodide, is a 14-carbon alkylammonium salt used as spacer cation to construct 2D perovskite layers in 3D/2D heterojunctions for perovskite solar devices. In comparison to 2D perovskites formed by shorter alkylammonium cation chains, 2D perovskites formed by TDAI offer efficient energy-level matching with the 3D material. Perovskite solar cell efficiencies above 20% have been shown with carbon back-contacts.

Full name:

Tetradeca-1-aminium iodide

Alternative name:

TDAI

Chemical composition:

C₁₄H₃₂IN

Typical properties:

M_W = 341.32 g/mol

References:

• J. Tang, X. Zhong, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406167

HDAI

Description:

DN-PA26 (HDAI), hexadecyl ammonium iodide, is a 16 carbon alkylammonium salt, used as spacer cation to construct 2D perovskite layer to form 3D/2D heterojunctions in PSC devices. Deployed in planar structured carbon electrode-based PSCs, an efficiency of 19.6% has been demonstrated.

Full name:

Hexadeca-1-aminium iodide

Alternative name:

HDAI

Chemical composition:

C₁₆H₃₆IN

Typical properties:

M_W = 369.38 g/mol

References:

• J. Tang, X. Zhong, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406167

METEAM

Description:

DN-PA27 (METEAM) 2-(methylthio) ethylamine hydrochloride is a bifunctional ligand desgned to attach to a [100]-oriented perovskite film and buried interfaces. Perovskite solar cell efficiencies up to 26.1% have been demonstrated.

Full name:

2-(methylthio) ethylamine hydrochloride

Alternative name:

METEAM

CAS number:

6950-53-4

Chemical composition:

C₃H₁₀ClNS

Typical properties:

M_W = 127.63 g/mol

References:

• X. Li, Z. Zhu, S. Yang, et al., Joule, 2024, DOI 10.1016/j.joule.2024.07.009

Phenylethylammonium iodide

Description:

Salt for preparation of 2D perovskites or2D/3D-mixed perovskites with enhanced phase and ambient stability.

Alternative name:

Phenetylammonium iodide, 2-phenylethan-1-aminium iodide, 2-Phenylethylamine Hydroiodide, PEAI, Phenethylamine Hydroiodide, 2-Phenylethylammonium Iodide

Chemical composition:

C₈H₁₂IN

CAS number:

151059-43-7

Typical properties:

M_W = 249.10 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P18: Phenethylammonium iodide

References:

• Li et al., Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1601307, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201601307

• Lee et al., Nature Communications volume 9, Article number: 3021 (2018) , DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05454-4

tBBAI

Description:

4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium iodide is an interface passivator for perovskite solar cells that can significantly accelerate the charge extraction from the perovskite materials into the hole-transporters and reduce device hysteresis as well as improve the device performance and stability.

Alternative name:

tBBAI

Chemical composition:

C₁₁H₁₈IN

CAS number:

2366873-27-8

Typical properties:

M_W = 291.18 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P21-3N: 4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium iodide 99.9%

Product specification DN-P21-4N: 4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium iodide 99.99%

References:

• Hongwei Zhu, et al., Adv. Mater. 2020, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907757

Benzylammonium thiocyanate

Description:

Benzylammonium thiocyanate can be used in perovskite solar cells to improve device performance and stability.

Alternative name:

BASCN

Chemical composition:

C₇H₁₀NSCN

CAS number:

51571-89-2

Typical properties:

M_W = 166.24 g/mol

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CEAI

Description:

2-Cyclohexylethylammonium iodide have been used as an interfacial treatment and shown to play a key role in enhancing perovskite solar cell device performance and especially effectively improvement in long-term stability.

Alternative name:

CEAI

Chemical composition:

C₈H₁₈NI

Typical properties:

M_W = 255.14 g/mol

References:

• ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 3916-3923, DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01811

o-PDEAI2

Description:

ortho-(phenylene)di(ethylammonium) iodide is an effective passivation agent for interfacial treatment between the perovskite and hole transporting layer, which delivers highly efficient and stable PSCs.

Full name:

2,2'-(1,2-Phenylene)bis(ethan-1-amine) dihydroiodide

Alternative name:

1,2-Benzenediethanamine dihydroiodide, 2,2'-(1,2-Phenylene)diethanamine dihydroiodide, o-PDEAI₂

Chemical composition:

C₁₀H₁₈N₂I₂

CAS number:

2044283-92-1

Typical properties:

M_W = 420.07 g/mol

References:

• Liu, C., Yang, Y., Rakstys, K. et al. Nat Commun 12, 6394 (2021), DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26754-2

Phenylethylammonium formate

Description:

Phenethylammonium formate is an effective passivation agent to the surface defects of perovskite, and it could be also employed as spacer cation in two-dimensional halide perovskites to enhance carrier diffusion in the near-surface regions and reduce defect density, which delivers highly efficient and stable PSCs.

Alternative name:

Phenetylammonium formate, PEAF

Chemical composition:

C₉H₁₃NO₂

Typical properties:

M_W = 167.21 g/mol

References:

• Liu, C., Yang, Y., Rakstys, K. et al. Nat. Commun., 12, 6394 (2021), DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26754-2
• Gao, D., Jen, A. K., Yang, S. and Zhu, Z. et al., Adv. Mater., 2023, 35, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26754-2

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Octylammonium iodide

Description:

DN-P35 (n-octylammonium iodide) (OAI) is one precursor utilized as one spacer layer in 2D or quasi 2D perovskite solar cells, and OAI was also considered as an import modifier in fabrication of high-quality 3D perovskites for photovoltaic devices. Octylammonium cations have been used as encapsulating additive and passivation layer favoring the crystal growing along the preferential crystal orientation without the formation of layered structures in contrast to butylammonium (BA) and phenethylammonium (PEA) cations and reducing non-radiative recombination. (Jung et al., 2018). And OMA has also been deployed for construction of the capping 2D layers to the bulk 3D underlayer in PSCs. Elongated device durability and boosted device efficiency with certified value of 22.9% was achieved. (Jung et al., 2019).

Alternative name:

OAI

Chemical composition:

C₈H₂₀NI

Typical properties:

M_W = 257.16 g/mol

References:

• M. Jung, T. J. Shin, G. Kim, S. I. Seok, Energy Environ. Sci., 11, 2188, 2018, DOI: 10.1039/C8EE00995C
• H. Kim, S.-U. Lee, D. Y. Lee, M. J. Paik, H. Na, J. Lee, S. I. Seok, Adv. Energy Mater., 9, 1902740, 2019, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201902740

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Phenylammonium iodide

Description:

DN-P39 (Phenylammonium iodide, C₆H₈NI) is an aromatic halide salt used to construct efficient interfacial layer between perovskite and charge transporting layers to passivate the perovskite surface defects and facilitate charge transportation, thereby boosting the device performance and enhancing the device robustness.

Alternative names:

Phenylammonium iodide salt

Aniline hydroiodide

Anilinium iodide salt

Benzenaminium iodide salt

Benzenaminium hydroiodide

Chemical composition:

C₆H₈NI

Typical properties:

M_W = 221.04 g/mol

References:

• F. S. Ghoreishi, M. B. Johansson, G. Boschloo, E. M. J. Johansson, J. Power Sources, 473, 228492, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228492
• R. Lin, J. Xu, M. Wei, et al., Nature, 603, 73, 2022. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04372-8

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Phenylpropylammonium iodide

Description:

DN-P40 (3-Phenylpropylammonium iodide, C₉H₁₄NI, PPAI) is a benzene alkylammonium salt precursor widely used to construct perovskite based optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells and light-emitting diodes (LED). With PPAI as surface passivator, effective defect passivation on the perovskite surface and successful iodine migration inhibition have been shown, simultaneously enhancing efficiency and stability in both LED and solar cells devices.

Alternative names:

Phenylpropylammonium iodide salt

3-phenylpropan-1-aminium iodide

3-Phenylpropylamine hydroiodide

Phenpropylamine hydroiodide

PPAI

Chemical composition:

C₉H₁₄NI

Typical properties:

M_W = 263,12 g/mol

References:

• Y. Guo, S. Apergi, N. Li, et al., Nature Comm., 12, 644, 2021. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20970-6
• G. Ren, Z. Zhang, Z. Li, C. Liu, M. Wang, W. Guo, Energy Environ. Sci., 16, 565, 2023. DOI: 10.1039/D2EE03708D

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Phenylbutylammonium iodide

Description:

DN-P41 (4-Phenylbutylammonium iodide, C₁₀H₁₆NI, PBAI) is a benzene alkylammonium salt precursor widely used to construct layered two-dimensional perovskites and surface passivator to the defects of perovskites in LED and solar cells devices. PBAI was validated to show profound effects on modulating the charge recombination pathways and inhibiting unfavorable ion migration etc.

Alternative names:

4-phenylbutylammonium iodide salt

4-phenylbutan-1-aminium iodide

4-phenylbutylamine hydroiodide

Phenbutylamine hydroiodide

4-Phenybutylammonium iodide

PBAI

Chemical composition:

C₁₀H₁₆NI

Typical properties:

M_W = 277,16 g/mol

References:

• Z. He, Y. Liu, Z. Yang, et al., ACS Photonics, 6, 587, 2019. DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.8b01435
• G. Ren, Z. Zhang, Z. Li, C. Liu, M. Wang, W. Guo, Energy Environ. Sci., 16, 565, 2023. DOI: 10.1039/D2EE03708D

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