Perovskite materials

Methylammonium iodide

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Description:

Salt for preparation of CH₃NH₃PbI₃. Dyenamo offers three standard grades of MAI (specifications below); >99 %, >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N). Moreover, we offer a special grade of methylammonium iodide (DN-P02P), based on 4N grade material, but containing a controlled amount of phosphite as an additive, which aids in the formation of high-quality methylammonium lead iodide perovskite films.

Alternative name:

MAI, Methanamine hydriodide, Methylamine hydriodide

Empirical Formula:

CH₃NH₃I

CAS number:

14965-49-2

Typical properties:

M_W = 158.95 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P02: Methylammonium iodide

Product specification DN-P02-4N: Methylammonium iodide 99.99 %

Product specification DN-P02-5N: Methylammonium iodide 99.999 %

Product specification DN-P02P: Methylammonium iodide, 1500 ppm P

References:

• M. Lee et al., Science 338, 643 (2012) DOI: 10.1126/science.1228604
• Kim et al. Scientific Reports 2: 591 DOI: 10.1038/srep00591
• I. Levchuk et al. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 3, 1600593 DOI: 10.1002/admi.201600593
• Z. Xiao et al. Energy Environ. Sci., 2016, 9, 867DOI: 10.1039/c6ee00183a
• Y. Deng et al. Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 1544 DOI: 10.1039/c4ee03907f

Methylammonium chloride

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Description:

Salt for preparation of CH₃NH₃PbCl₃ opening for optimization of morphology and fine-tuning of the band-gap energy. Dyenamo offers two standard grades of MACl (specifications below); >99 % and >99.99 % (grade 4N).

Alternative name:

MACl, Methylammonium monohydrochloride, Methylamine hydrochloride

Empirical Formula:

CH₃NH₃Cl

CAS number:

593-51-1

Typical properties:

M_W = 67.52 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P08: Methylammonium chloride

Product specification DN-P08-4N: Methylammonium chloride 99.99 %

Methylammonium bromide

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Description:

Salt for preparation of CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ opening for optimization of morphology and fine-tuning of the band-gap energy. Dyenamo offers three standard grades of MABr (specifications below); >99 %, >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N).

Alternative name:

MABr, Methylamine hydrobromide, Methanaminium bromide

Empirical Formula:

CH₃NH₃Br

CAS number:

6876-37-5

Typical properties:

M_W = 111.97 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P09: Methylammonium bromide

Product specification DN-P09-4N: Methylammonium bromide 99.99 %

Product specification DN-P09-5N: Methylammonium bromide 99.999 %

Reference:

• Jost et al., Energy Environ. Sci.,2018, 11, 3511, DOI: 10.1039/C8EE02469C

Formamidinium iodide

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Description:

Salt for preparing engineered narrow bandgap perovskite materials for increased efficiency. Dyenamo offers three standard grades of FAI (specifications below); >99 %, >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N).

Alternative name:

FAI, Formamidine hydroiodide, Methanimidamide iodide, Iminomethylamine hydriodide

Empirical Formula:

CH₅N₂I

CAS number:

879643-71-7

Typical properties:

M_W = 171.97 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P10: Formamidinium iodide

Product specification DN-P10-4N: Formamidinium iodide 99.99 %

Product specification DN-P10-5N: Formamidinium iodide 99.999 %

References:

• Jeon, N. J. et al., Nature, 2015, DOI: 10.1038/nature14133
• Jost et al., Energy Environ. Sci.,2018, 11, 3511, DOI: 10.1039/C8EE02469C

Formamidinium bromide

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Description:

Salt for bandgap tuning of perovskite materials. Dyenamo offers three standard grades of FABr (specifications below); >99 %, >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N).

Alternative name:

FABr, Formamidine hydrobromide, Methanimidamide bromide, Iminomethylamine hydrobromide

Empirical Formula:

CH₅N₂I

CAS number:

146958-06-7

Typical properties:

M_W = 124.97 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P11: Formamidinium bromide

Product specification DN-P11-4N: Formamidinium bromide 99.99 %

Product specification DN-P11-5N: Formamidinium bromide 99.999 %

Reference:

• Eperon, G.E. et al., Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, DOI: 10.1039/C3EE43822H

Methylammonium thiocyanate

Description:

Methylammonium thiocyanate can be used as an additive/dopant to the perovskite composition to improve the stability of the solar cell.

Alternative name:

MASCN

Empirical Formula:

CH₃NH₃SCN

CAS number:

61540-63-4

Typical properties:

M_W = 90.14 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P12: Methylammonium thiocyanate

Formamidinium thiocyanate

Description:

Formamidinium thiocyanate can be used as an additive/dopant to the perovskite composition to improve the stability of the solar cell.

Alternative name:

FASCN, Formamidine hydrothiocyanate, Methanimidamide thiocyanate, Iminomethylamine hydrothiocyanate

Empirical Formula:

CH₅N₂SCN

CAS number:

1821033-48-0

Typical properties:

M_W = 103.14 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P13: Formamidinium thiocyanate

Guanidinium iodide

Description:

Guanidinium iodide can be used as an additive/dopant to the perovskite composition to improve the stability of the solar cell.

Alternative name:

GuI, GuaI, GdmI, Diaminomethaniminium iodide, Aminoformamidine hydriode, Guanidine hydriodide, Guanidine monohydriodide

Empirical Formula:

CH₆IN₃

CAS number:

19227-70-4

Typical properties:

M_W = 186.98 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P15: Guanidinium iodide

Reference:

• Jodlowski, A. D. et al., Nature Energy, 2, 972–979 (2017), DOI: 10.1038/s41560-017-0054-3

Phenethylammonium iodide

Description:

Salt for preparation of 2D perovskites or2D/3D-mixed perovskites with enhanced phase and ambient stability.

Alternative name:

2-phenylethan-1-aminium iodide, 2-Phenylethylamine Hydroiodide, PEAI, Phenethylamine Hydroiodide, 2-Phenylethylammonium Iodide

Empirical Formula:

C₈H₁₂IN

CAS number:

151059-43-7

Typical properties:

M_W = 249.10 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P18: Phenethylammonium iodide

References:

• Li et al., Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1601307, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201601307

• Lee et al., Nature Communications volume 9, Article number: 3021 (2018) , DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05454-4

X51

Description:

X51 is a high-performance carbazole-based hole transport material (HTM) suitable for use in DSSC's and perovskite solar cells. In combination with a metal-free dye such as DN-F05, device power conversion efficiencies exceeding that of Spiro-OMeTAD has been achieved.

Full name:

9,9'-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis(N³,N³,N⁶,N⁶-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-9H-carbazole-3,6-diamine)

Typical properties:

E_ox (DCM) = 0.64 V vs. NHE

Hole mobility = 1.51*10^-4 cm² V^-1 s^-1

λ_abs (DCM) = 365 nm, 307 nm (max)

M_W = 1393.65 g/mol

Reorganization energy = 378 meV (calc.)

References:

• Bo Xu, et al., Adv. Mater., 2014, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402415

Additional information:

This is a Dyenamo patent-pending product.

X60

Description:

X60 is a high-performance hole transport material highly that has proven itself as an economical replacement for spiro-OMeTAD in both perovskite and solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with demonstrated efficiencies of 19.8 and 7.3% respectively.

Full name:

octakis(4-methoxyphenyl)spiro[fluorene-9,9'-xanthene]-2,2',7,7'-tetraamine

Typical properties:

E_ox (DCM) = 0.65 V vs. NHE

Hole mobility = 1.9*10^-4 cm² V^-1 s^-1

λ_abs (PhMe) = 389 nm

M_W = 1241.45 g/mol

References:

Bo Xu, et al., Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, DOI: 10.1039/C6EE00056H

X59

Description:

X59 is a high-performance hole transport material that has proven itself as an economical replacement for spiro-OMeTAD in perovskite solar cells with a demonstrated efficiency of 19.8%.

Full name:

N²,N²,N⁷,N⁷-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)spiro[fluorene-9,9'-xanthene]-2,7-diamine

Typical properties:

E_ox (DCM) = 0.65 V vs. NHE

Hole mobility = 5.5*10^-5 cm² V^-1 s^-1

λ_abs (PhMe) = 387 nm

M_W = 786.93 g/mol

References:

Dongqin Bi, et al., Nano Energy, 2016, DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.03.020

tris(4-methoxyphenyl)amine

Description:

Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)amine is a small and versatile redox-active molecule which can be employed in both liquid and solid-state solar cells. In DSSCs with liquid electrolyte it can be used together with a metal-based redox couple to enable exceptionally fast dye regeneration, giving easy access to >10% efficiencies. In solid-state solar cells it may be used as a low cost hole-transporting material, either by itself or combined with another material such as P3HT.

Alternative name:

TPAA, TAA, tris(p-anisyl)amine, tris(para-anisyl)amine

CAS number:

13050-56-1

Typical properties:

E_ox (DCM) = 0.85 V vs. NHE

M_W = 335.40 g/mol

References:

J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 18070-18078, DOI: 10.1021/jp3052449

Chem. Mater., 2001, 13 (11), pp 4105-4111, DOI: 10.1021/cm010281p

Nature Commun. 7 (2016) 13934, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13934

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Poly(triaryl amine)

Description:

p-Type polymeric semiconductor used in perovskite solar cells, OLEDs and other organic electronics applications. In perovskite solar cells it has been used with great success, enabling efficiencies in excess of 20%. More recently, it has also been shown that PTAA plays an important part in making highly stable perovskite solar cells by preventing metal atoms from the electrode from diffusing into the perovskite.

Full name:

Poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine]

Alternative name:

PTAA

CAS number:

1333317-99-9

Typical properties:

M_n = 22000 g/mol

References:

Michael Saliba, et al., Science, 2016, DOI: 10.1126/science.aah5557

Woon Seok Yang, et al., Science, 2015, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa9272

Jin Hyuck Heo, et al., Nature Photonics, 2013, DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.80

X44

Description:

A dopant-free ionic hole transport material suitable for use in perovskite solar cells. By avoiding dopants good stability and improved reproducibility can be achieved. Through the introduction of quarternary amine functional groups permanent charges are incorporated into the material. DN-X06 displays an order of magnitude higher hole conductivity compared to undoped spiro-OMeTAD.

Full name:

3,3'-(2,7-bis(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-9H-fluorene-9,9-diyl)bis(N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-aminium) bis[bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide]

Typical properties:

E_ox (DCM) = 0.62 V vs NHE

Hole conductivity = 9.03*10^-4 S cm^-1

λ_abs (DCM) = 381 nm

M_W = 1409.44 g/mol

References:

J. Zhang, et al., Adv. Energy Mater, 2017, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201602736

X55

Description:

A high-performance spiro[fluorene-9,9'-xanthene] (SFX) based hole transport material with demonstrated device efficiencies of up to 20.8% in perovskite solar cells.

Full name:

N²,N⁷-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-N²,N⁷-di(spiro[fluorene-9,9'-xanthen]-2-yl)spiro[fluorene-9,9'-xanthene]-2,7-diamine

Typical properties:

E_ox (DCM) = 0.73 V vs NHE

Hole conductivity = 9.03*10^-4 S cm^-1

λ_abs (DCM) = 406 nm

M_W = 1235.45 g/mol

References:

B. Xu, et al., Chem, 2017, DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.03.011

X62

Description:

A dopant-free hole transport material with a spiro[dibenzo[c,h]xanthene-7,9′-fluorene] (SDBXF) core. Demonstrated efficiency of 15.9% in perovskite solar cells without dopants (undoped Spiro-OMeTAD-based devices, 10.8%).

Full name:

N^2',N^2',N⁵,N⁵,N^7',N^7',N⁹,N⁹-octakis(4-methoxyphenyl)spiro[dibenzo- [c,h]xanthene-7,9'-fluorene]-2',5,7',9-tetraamine

Typical properties:

E_ox (DCM) = 0.67 V vs NHE

Hole mobility = 7.95*10^-5 cm² V^-1 s^-1

λ_abs (DCM) = 383 nm

M_W = 1341.57 g/mol

References:

Chem. Commun., 2018, 54, 9571. DOI: 10.1016/10.1039/c8cc04026e

Eversolar^® Spiro-OMeTAD

Description:

Spiro-OMeTAD is the reference hole-transport material for solid-state DSSCs and Perovskite solar cells.

Full name:

2,2',7,7'-Tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene

CAS number:

207739-72-8

Typical properties:

λ_abs.max (DCM) = 385 nm

M_W = 1225.43 g/mol

Additional information:

Dyenamo is European distributor of Everlight's hole transport materials.

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FK102

Description:

Cobalt-based p-type dopant for organic hole conductors, such as spiro-MeOTAD

Full name:

Tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine)cobalt(III) tri(hexafluorophosphate)

CAS number:

1346416-70-3

Typical properties:

M_W = 929.32 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P03: FK102

Reference:

• J. Burschka et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 18042-18045 DOI: 10.1021/ja207367t

FK209

Description:

Cobalt-based p-type dopant for organic hole conductors, such as spiro-MeOTAD

Full name:

Tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-tert-butylpyridine)-cobalt(III) Tris(bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide)

CAS number:

1447938-61-5

Typical properties:

M_W = 1503.16 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P04: FK209

Reference:

• Julian Burschka, et al. Chem. Mater. 25, 2986 (2013) DOI: 10.1021/cm400796u

Methylammonium formate

Description:

Methylammonium formate is an ionic liquid from which high quality films of perovskites such as MAPbI₃ can be grown in a controlled manner.

Alternative name:

MAFa

Empirical Formula:

CH₃NH₃HCO₂

CAS number:

25596-28-5

Typical properties:

M_W = 77.08 g/mol

T_m = -21.7 °C

T_b = 162.1 °C

Specification:

Product specification DN-P14: Methylammonium formate

Reference:

• Chem. Mater., 2015, 27 (9), pp 3197-3199, DOI: 10.1021/cm5047484
• J. Phys. Chem. B, 2007, 111 (18), pp 4926-4937, DOI: 10.1021/jp067589u

F4TCNQ

Description:

F4TCNQ is a strong molecular p-type dopant with a very wide range of applications stretching from perovskite solar cells to OPV, OLED and OFET. In 2018 it was demonstrated that adding a low (0.03%) concentration of F4TCNQ to the perovskite precursor solution enables the fabrication of >20% efficient HTM-free PSCs (ITO/perovskite/ETL/Cu structure). The F4TCNQ offered by Dyenamo is a high purity (>99%) sublimed grade material.

Chemical name:

2,2'-(perfluorocyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-diylidene)dimalononitrile

Alternative name:

2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, F4-TCNQ

Empirical Formula:

C₁₂F₄N₄

CAS number:

29261-33-4

Typical properties:

LUMO level = 5.24 eV

HOMO level = 8.34 eV

M_w = 276.15 g/mol

Reference:

• Nature Communications, 2018, 1625 (9), DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04028-8

Zn(TFSI)₂

Description:

Zn(TFSI)₂ can be used in place of LiTFSI as a p-type dopant for hole transport materials in perovskite solar cells. Substantial benefits over LiTFSI in terms of device performance and stability have been demonstrated when Zn(TFSI)₂ is used in conjunction with Spiro-MeOTAD.

Chemical name:

Zinc(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide

Alternative name:

Zn-TFSI₂

Empirical Formula:

C₄F₁₂N₂O₈S₄Zn

CAS number:

168106-25-0

Typical properties:

M_w = 625.65 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P17: Zn(TFSI)₂

Reference:

• Energy Environ. Sci., 2018,11, 2985-2992, DOI: 10.1039/c8ee01500g

Carbon paste

Description:

A carbon paste providing a great connection to perovskite layers removing need for an intermediate hole conductor layer and opening up for novel process methods and concepts for perovskite solar cells and modules.

Properties:

• Curing temperature:120 °C
• Curing time:15 minutes
• Deposition method:Doctor-blading is recommended but it is also suitable for other
methods including screen-printing

Reference:

• Dyenamo blog-post: Why Dyenamo's carbon paste DN-CP01 can influence the entire perovskite field