Perovskite precursors and additives

Methylammonium iodide

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Description:

Salt for preparation of CH₃NH₃PbI₃. Dyenamo offers two standard grades of MAI (specifications below); >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N). Moreover, we offer a special grade of methylammonium iodide (DN-P02P), based on 4N grade material, but containing a controlled amount of phosphite as an additive, which aids in the formation of high-quality methylammonium lead iodide perovskite films.

Alternative name:

MAI, Methanamine hydriodide, Methylamine hydriodide

Structural formula:

CH₃NH₃I

CAS number:

14965-49-2

Typical properties:

M_W = 158.95 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P02-4N: Methylammonium iodide 99.99 %

Product specification DN-P02-5N: Methylammonium iodide 99.999 %

Product specification DN-P02P: Methylammonium iodide, 1500 ppm P

References:

• M. Lee et al., Science 338, 643 (2012) DOI: 10.1126/science.1228604
• Kim et al. Scientific Reports 2: 591 DOI: 10.1038/srep00591
• I. Levchuk et al. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 3, 1600593 DOI: 10.1002/admi.201600593
• Z. Xiao et al. Energy Environ. Sci., 2016, 9, 867DOI: 10.1039/c6ee00183a
• Y. Deng et al. Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 1544 DOI: 10.1039/c4ee03907f

Methylammonium chloride

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Description:

Salt for preparation of CH₃NH₃PbCl₃ opening for optimization of morphology and fine-tuning of the band-gap energy.

Alternative name:

MACl, Methylammonium monohydrochloride, Methylamine hydrochloride

Structural formula:

CH₃NH₃Cl

CAS number:

593-51-1

Typical properties:

M_W = 67.52 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P08-4N: Methylammonium chloride 99.99 %

Product specification DN-P08-5N: Methylammonium chloride 99.999 %

Methylammonium bromide

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Description:

Salt for preparation of CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ opening for optimization of morphology and fine-tuning of the band-gap energy. Dyenamo offers two standard grades of MABr (specifications below); >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N).

Alternative name:

MABr, Methylamine hydrobromide, Methanaminium bromide

Structural formula:

CH₃NH₃Br

CAS number:

6876-37-5

Typical properties:

M_W = 111.97 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P09-4N: Methylammonium bromide 99.99 %

Product specification DN-P09-5N: Methylammonium bromide 99.999 %

Reference:

• Jost et al., Energy Environ. Sci.,2018, 11, 3511, DOI: 10.1039/C8EE02469C
• Yang et al., ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 10, 3159-3167, DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01664

Formamidinium iodide

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Description:

Salt for preparing engineered narrow bandgap perovskite materials for increased efficiency. Dyenamo offers two standard grades of FAI (specifications below); >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N).

Alternative name:

FAI, Formamidine hydroiodide, Methanimidamide iodide, Iminomethylamine hydriodide

Structural formula:

CH₅N₂I

CAS number:

879643-71-7

Typical properties:

M_W = 171.97 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P10-4N: Formamidinium iodide 99.99 %

Product specification DN-P10-5N: Formamidinium iodide 99.999 %

References:

• Jeon, N. J. et al., Nature, 2015, DOI: 10.1038/nature14133
• Jost et al., Energy Environ. Sci.,2018, 11, 3511, DOI: 10.1039/C8EE02469C
• Yang et al., ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 10, 3159-3167, DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01664

Formamidinium bromide

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Description:

Salt for bandgap tuning of perovskite materials. Dyenamo offers two standard grades of FABr (specifications below); >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N).

Alternative name:

FABr, Formamidine hydrobromide, Methanimidamide bromide, Iminomethylamine hydrobromide

Structural formula:

CH₅N₂Br

CAS number:

146958-06-7

Typical properties:

M_W = 124.97 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P11-4N: Formamidinium bromide 99.99 %

Product specification DN-P11-5N: Formamidinium bromide 99.999 %

Reference:

• Eperon, G.E. et al., Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, DOI: 10.1039/C3EE43822H

Formamidinium thiocyanate

Description:

Formamidinium thiocyanate can be used as an additive/dopant to the perovskite composition to improve the stability of the solar cell.

Alternative name:

FASCN, Formamidine hydrothiocyanate, Methanimidamide thiocyanate, Iminomethylamine hydrothiocyanate

Structural formula:

CH₅N₂SCN

CAS number:

1821033-48-0

Typical properties:

M_W = 103.14 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P13: Formamidinium thiocyanate

Methylammonium formate

Description:

Methylammonium formate is an ionic liquid from which high quality films of perovskites such as MAPbI₃ can be grown in a controlled manner.

Alternative name:

MAFa

Structural formula:

CH₃NH₃HCO₂

CAS number:

25596-28-5

Typical properties:

M_W = 77.08 g/mol

T_m = -21.7 °C

T_b = 162.1 °C

Reference:

• Chem. Mater., 2015, 27 (9), pp 3197-3199, DOI: 10.1021/cm5047484
• J. Phys. Chem. B, 2007, 111 (18), pp 4926-4937, DOI: 10.1021/jp067589u

Guanidinium iodide

Description:

Guanidinium iodide can be used as an additive/dopant to the perovskite composition to improve the stability of the solar cell.

Alternative name:

GuI, GuaI, GdmI, Diaminomethaniminium iodide, Aminoformamidine hydriode, Guanidine hydriodide, Guanidine monohydriodide

Structural formula:

CH₆IN₃

CAS number:

19227-70-4

Typical properties:

M_W = 186.98 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P15: Guanidinium iodide

Reference:

• Jodlowski, A. D. et al., Nature Energy, 2, 972-979 (2017), DOI: 10.1038/s41560-017-0054-3

Phenethylammonium iodide

Description:

Salt for preparation of 2D perovskites or2D/3D-mixed perovskites with enhanced phase and ambient stability.

Alternative name:

2-phenylethan-1-aminium iodide, 2-Phenylethylamine Hydroiodide, PEAI, Phenethylamine Hydroiodide, 2-Phenylethylammonium Iodide

Structural formula:

C₈H₁₂IN

CAS number:

151059-43-7

Typical properties:

M_W = 249.10 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P18: Phenethylammonium iodide

References:

• Li et al., Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1601307, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201601307

• Lee et al., Nature Communications volume 9, Article number: 3021 (2018) , DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05454-4

4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium iodide

Description:

4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium iodide is an interface passivator for perovskite solar cells that can significantly accelerate the charge extraction from the perovskite materials into the hole-transporters and reduce device hysteresis as well as improve the device performance and stability.

Alternative name:

tBBAI

Structural formula:

C₁₁H₁₈IN

CAS number:

2366873-27-8

Typical properties:

M_W = 291.18 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P21-3N: 4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium iodide 99.9%

Product specification DN-P21-4N: 4-tert-butyl-benzylammonium iodide 99.99%

References:

• Hongwei Zhu, et al., Adv. Mater. 2020, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907757

Formamidinium chloride

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Description:

Perovskite precursor opening for further optimization of crystallization, grain size and surface morphology of the perovskite layer. In mixed halide PSCs, the addition of FACl has shown to suppress the formation of bulk and surface defects, providing a perovskite film with enhanced crystallinity and large grain size. Dyenamo offers two standard grades of FACl (specifications below); >99.99 % (grade 4N) and >99.999 % (grade 5N).

Alternative name:

FACl, Formamidine hydrochloride, Methanimidamide chloride, Iminomethylamine hydrochloride

Structural formula:

CH₅N₂Cl

CAS number:

6313-33-3

Typical properties:

M_W = 80.52 g/mol

Specification:

Product specification DN-P22-4N: Formamidinium chloride 99.99 %

Product specification DN-P22-5N: Formamidinium chloride 99.999 %

References:

• Atsushi Suzuki, et al., Advanced Energy Materials, 2019, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201803587

• Minjin Kim, et al., Journal of Electronic Materials, 2019, DOI: 10.1007/s11664-019-07153-2

Phenetylammonium thiocyanate

Description:

Anion engineering of phenethylammonium-based two-dimensional materials such as phenetylammonium thiocynate (PEASCN) and phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI) can be used to control the structural and electrical properties of the 2D or 2D-3D perovskite, enabling efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.

Structural formula:

C₈H₁₂NSCN

Typical properties:

M_W = 180.27 g/mol

References:

• Science, Vol 368, Issue 6487, pp. 155-160, DOI:/full/10.1126/science.aba3433

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Formamidinium formate

Description:

Pseudo-halide anion formate, such as formamidinium formate (FAFo) has been successfully introduced as an additive in perovskite precursor to effectively suppress anion-vacancy defects at both grain boundaries and the surface of the perovskite films. The defect passivation and the improved crystallinity of the additional formamidinium formate are critical in obtaining highly efficient perovskite solar cells with certified power conversion efficiency of over 25%.

Structural formula:

CH₅N₂HCO₂

Typical properties:

M_W = 90.08 g/mol

References:

• Nature, Vol. 592, pp. 381-385 (2021) DOI:.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03406-5

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Cesium bromide

Description:

Cesium bromide has been widely used as main component or additive in inorganic or organic-inorganic-mixed perovskite precursors in perovskite solar cells.

Structural formula:

CsBr

Typical properties:

M_W = 212.81 g/mol

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Cesium iodide

Description:

Cesium iodide has been widely used as main component or additive in inorganic or organic-inorganic-mixed perovskite precursors in perovskite solar cells.

Structural formula:

CsI

Typical properties:

M_W = 259.81 g/mol

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Cesium chloride

Description:

Cesium chloride can be used as an additive/dopant to the perovskite composition to improve the efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

Structural formula:

CsCl

Typical properties:

M_W = 168.36 g/mol

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Guanidinium thiocyanate

Description:

Guanidinium thiocynate can be used as post-treatment agent to passivate the perovskite interface by reducing surface charge recombination, which results in improvement in the efficiency of perovskite solar cells with reduced hysteresis.

Structural formula:

CH₆N₃SCN

CAS number:

593-84-0

Typical properties:

M_W = 118.16 g/mol

References:

• Nano Energy, Vol. 41, 2017, pp. 476-487, DOI:.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.10.006

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Methylammonium acetate

Description:

Methylammonium acetate can be used as an additive/dopant to the perovskite precursor to improve the efficiency of the solar cell.

Alternative name:

Methylamine Acetate, MAAc

Structural formula:

CH₃NH₂CH₃COOH

CAS number:

6998-30-7

Typical properties:

M_W = 91.11 g/mol

References:

• Lingfeng Chao, et al., Research, 2020, DOI: 10.34133/2020/2616345

Formamidinium acetate

Description:

Formamidinium acetate can be used to synthesize δ-FAPbI₃ and α-FAPbI₃ by the powder engineering method.

Alternative name:

Formamidine acetate, FAAc

Structural formula:

CH₅N₂CH₃COOH

CAS number:

3473-63-0

Typical properties:

M_W = 104.11 g/mol

References:

• Nano Energy Vol. 87, 2021, 106152, DOI:.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106152

Benzylammonium thiocyanate

Description:

Benzylammonium thiocyanate can be used in perovskite solar cells to improve device performance and stability.

Alternative name:

BASCN

Structural formula:

C₇H₁₀NSCN

CAS number:

51571-89-2

Typical properties:

M_W = 166.24 g/mol

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2-Cyclohexylethylammonium iodide

Description:

2-Cyclohexylethylammonium iodide have been used as an interfacial treatment and shown to play a key role in enhancing perovskite solar cell device performance and especially effectively improvement in long-term stability.

Alternative name:

CEAI

Structural formula:

C₈H₁₈NI

Typical properties:

M_W = 255.14 g/mol

References:

• ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 3916-3923, DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01811

ortho-(phenylene)di(ethylammonium) iodide

Description:

ortho-(phenylene)di(ethylammonium) iodide is an effective passivation agent for interfacial treatment between the perovskite and hole transporting layer, which delivers highly efficient and stable PSCs.

Alternative name:

o-PDEAI₂

Structural formula:

C₁₀H₁₈N₂I₂

Typical properties:

M_W = 420.07 g/mol

References:

• Liu, C., Yang, Y., Rakstys, K. et al. Nat Commun 12, 6394 (2021), DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26754-2