Copper complexes

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Home > Materials > Copper complexes for hole conductors and electrolytes

Copper complexes for hole conductors and electrolytes

The interest in copper-based electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells (e.g. Bai et al., Chem. Commun., 2011,47, 4376-4378) was triggered by the work on cobalt-based electrolytes (Feldt et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 16714). Both the cobalt and copper complexes are one-electron mediators in contrast to the conventional two-electron redox couple iodide/tri-iodide, and therefore have the potential for higher voltage and efficiency in DSSCs. This has been verified by power conversion efficiencies of 34% under 1000 Lux artificial indoor light (Michaels et al., Chem. Sci. (2020), DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06145b) and >13 % at outdoor conditions (Cao et al., Joule (2018), DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.03.017). In addition, copper complexes alone can constitute hole conducting materials suitable for solid state DSSC and perovskite solar cells. This has resulted in solid state DSSC with an efficiency of 11.7 % (Zhang, et al., Energy and Environmental Science 2018, 11 (7), 1779-1787).

The number of copper-complexes that could be used as hole conductors and in DSSC electrolytes is enormous. Dyenamo offers a selection of state-of-the-art copper complexes, other ones can be obtained on demand.

Overview

Counter ion	TFSI	TFSI Cl	PF₆
Complex	TFSI	TFSI Cl	PF₆
Cu(dmp)₂	Standard material: DN-Cu01 DN-Cu08	Standard material: DN-Cu02	Available on demand
Cu(bpye)₂	Available on demand	Available on demand	Available on demand
Cu(tmby)₂	Standard material: DN-Cu09 DN-Cu10	Available on demand	Available on demand
Cu(dmby)₂	Standard material: DN-Cu11 DN-Cu12	Available on demand	Available on demand

DN-Cu01 Cu^I(dmp)₂TFSI	Full name: bis-(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)copper(I) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide CAS number: 1301639-09-7 Typical properties: E⁰_1+/2+ (MeCN) = 0.90 V vs NHE M_W = 760.21 g/mol References: Chem. Commun., 2011,47, 4376-4378 DOI: 10.1039/C1CC10454C J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127 (26), pp 9648-9654 DOI: 10.1021/ja0506814 Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, DOI: 10.1039/C5EE01204J J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 15087-15096 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10721 top
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DN-Cu02 Cu^II(dmp)₂TFSI Cl	Full name: bis-(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)copper(II)bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide chloride Typical properties: E⁰_1+/2+ (MeCN) = 0.90 V vs NHE M_W = 795.66 g/mol References: Chem. Commun., 2011,47, 4376-4378 DOI: 10.1039/C1CC10454C J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127 (26), pp 9648-9654 DOI: 10.1021/ja0506814 Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, DOI: 10.1039/C5EE01204J top
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DN-Cu08 Cu^II(dmp)₂(TFSI)₂	Description: DN-Cu08 is a copper(II) complex with excellent solubility in acetonitrile and many other solvents used for DSSC electrolytes. Full name: bis-(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)copper(II) bis(bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) CAS number: 1301639-10-0 Typical properties: E⁰_1+/2+ (MeCN) = 0.90 V vs NHE M_W = 1040.35 g/mol References: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 15087-15096 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10721 top
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DN-Cu09 Cu^I(tmby)₂TFSI	Description: Cu(tmby)₂TFSI_1/2 is a copper based redox couple with a slightly lower redox potential than the prototypical Cu(dmp)₂ complex. It may be used for example in systems where Cu(dmp)₂ does not provide sufficient driving force for regeneration or when slower recombination is required. Full name: bis-(4,4',6,6'-tetramethyl-2,2'-bipyridine)copper(I) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Typical properties: E⁰_1+/2+ (MeCN): 0.87 V vs SHE M_W = 768.27 g/mol References: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 15087-15096 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10721 Zhang, D., Stojanovic, M., Ren, Y. et al. Nat Commun 12, 1777 (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21945-3 Michaels, H. et al. Chem. Sci., 2020,11, 2895-2906, DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06145b top
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DN-Cu10 Cu^II(tmby)₂(TFSI)₂	Description: Cu(tmby)₂TFSI_1/2 is a copper based redox couple with a slightly lower redox potential than the prototypical Cu(dmp)₂ complex. It may be used for example in systems where Cu(dmp)₂ does not provide sufficient driving force for regeneration or when slower recombination is required. Full name: bis-(4,4',6,6'-tetramethyl-2,2'-bipyridine)copper(II) bis[bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide] Typical properties: E⁰_1+/2+ (MeCN): 0.87 V vs SHE M_W = 1048.41 g/mol References: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 15087-15096 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10721 Zhang, D., Stojanovic, M., Ren, Y. et al. Nat Commun 12, 1777 (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21945-3 Michaels, H. et al. Chem. Sci., 2020,11, 2895-2906, DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06145b top
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DN-Cu11 Cu(dmby)₂TFSI	Description: Cu(dmby)₂TFSI_1/2 is a copper based redox couple with a slightly higher redox potential than the prototypical Cu(dmp)₂ complex. It enables the construction of cells with high V_oc (1.07 V with Y123 (DN-F05Y)) without compromising with device efficiency. Full name: bis-(6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine)copper(I) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide CAS number: 1882083-74-0 Typical properties: E⁰_1+/2+ (MeCN): 0.97 V vs NHE M_W = 721.17 g/mol References: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 15087-15096 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10721 top
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DN-Cu12 Cu(dmby)₂(TFSI)₂	Description: Cu(dmby)₂TFSI_1/2 is a copper based redox couple with a slightly higher redox potential than the prototypical Cu(dmp)₂ complex. It enables the construction of cells with high V_oc (1.07 V with Y123 (DN-F05Y)) without compromising with device efficiency. Full name: bis-(6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine)copper(II) bis[bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide] Typical properties: E⁰_1+/2+ (MeCN): 0.97 V vs SHE M_W = 992.30 g/mol References: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 15087-15096 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10721
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