Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) are ordered arrays of organic molecules formed by the spontaneous absorption onto a surface of molecular constituents from a vapor or liquid phase. The molecules or ligands that form SAMs are chemically functionalized in order to have a higher affinity to the surface. Historically, SAMs have been effectively used to improve the surface properties of light-emitting diodes and field-effect transistors. In photovoltaics, SAMs have been proven as an effective strategy to improve the device performance of organic solar cells (Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2202503, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503) and dye-sensitized solar cells. (J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, 2915-2921, DOI: 10.1039/C1JM12317C) Lately, the interests of deploying SAMs as benchmarking hole-transport materials for perovskite solar cells have increase rapidly. The introduction of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) has interesting impacts as due to chemical bonding it introduces a dipole moment at the interface, tuning the surface electronics and interfacial crystal defects. Moreover, the incorporation of functional groups coordinating with perovskite can be used in modifying the film growth, resulting in a better morphology and, more importantly, enhanced stability. So far, several ground breaking Si/Perovskite tandem devices with record efficiencies approaching or over 30% have been successfully demonstrated (1, Science. 370, 2020, 1300-1309, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016; 2, Nat. Nanotechnol. 17, 1214-1221 (2022), DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8). Dyenamo offers several series of SAMs, ranging from with various linker (spacer) lengths (2PAC, 3PAC, 4PAC, 5PACz and 6PACz) in combination with different carbazole ending groups (H, Me, MeO, F, Cl, Br and I). The broad Dyenamo portfolio opens for systematic studies and optimization. Other SAM molecules than the ones in the table below can be ordered on demand. Please send a message to info@dyenamo.se.
Overview
| Product code |
Name |
HOMO (eV) |
LUMO (eV) |
Mobility (cm2 V-1 s-1) |
λabs (nm) |
Recommended use |
| DN-X09 |
2PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC |
| DN-X12 |
Br-2PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Organic solar cells |
| DN-X13 |
MeO-2PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC |
| DN-X16 |
3PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC |
| DN-X15 |
4PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC |
| DN-X10 |
Me-4PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC |
| DN-X17 |
F-4PACz |
- |
- |
- |
- |
HTM for p-i-n PSC |
DN-X09
2PACz
|
- Description:
- DN-X09 is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides. The SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the perovskite absorber without non-radiative losses. Demonstrated high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.1% and 23.26% in inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells and monolithic CIGSe/perovskite tandem solar cells, respectively.
- Full name:
- (2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid
- CAS number:
- 20999-38-6
- Typical properties:
- λabs (on ITO glass) = 340 nm
- MW = 275.24 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Amran Ashouri, et al., Energy & Environmental Science, 2019, DOI: 10.1039/c9ee02268f
- Additional information
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.
|
 |
|
Select amount for quotation
|
|
DN-X10
Me-4PACz
|
- Description:
- DN-X10 is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides. The SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the perovskite absorber without non-radiative losses. Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with a with a certified power conversion efficiency of 29.15% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.
- Full name:
- [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 331.35 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Amran Al-Ashouri et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- Additional information
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.
|
 |
|
Select amount for quotation
|
|
DN-X12
Br-2PACz
|
- Description:
- DN-X12 is a Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM) hole conductor, that was used to obtain an impressive 18.4 % efficiency for organic solar cell (OPV), DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100707. This is Dyenamo's first product that has been specifically developed for OPVs.
- Full name:
- [2-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- HOMO = -6.01 eV
- LUMO = -2.64 eV
- Hole mobility = 5.4 * 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1
- MW = 433.03 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • organic solar cells (OPV)
- References:
- • Lin et al., ChemSusChem 2021, 14, 1-11 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100707
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.
|
 |
|
Select amount for quotation
|
|
DN-X13
MeO-2PACz
|
- Description:
- MeO-2PACz is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides. Especially, by mixing with 2PACz ([2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid), they can bridge the interface due to the excellent hole selectivity and reduced interfacial recombination. Such mixture has achieved certified PCE of 24.4% for flexible all-perovskite tandem solar cells and certified PCE of 23.26% on 1 cm2 CIGSe/perovskite tandem solar cells, respectively.
- Full name:
- [2-(3,6-dimeth oxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid)
- Typical properties:
- MW = 335.3 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Amran Al-Ashouri et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.
|
 |
|
Select amount for quotation
|
|
DN-X15
4PACz
|
- Description:
- DN-X15 (4PACz) a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). DN-X15 is one simplified alternative to DN-X10 (Me-4PACz). The SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the perovskite absorber by mitigating interfacial recombination and facilitates hole extraction. Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with a certified power conversion efficiency of 29.2% and 29.8% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. DN-X15 (4PACz) is expected to be on par with Me-4PACz in hole extraction in perovskite and tandem devices.
- Full name:
- (4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 303.30 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- •P., Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8
- • A. Amran, K. Eike, L. Bor et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany. Please contact us for further information.
|
 |
|
Select amount for quotation
|
|
DN-X16
3PACz
|
- Description:
- DN-X16 (3PACz) a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). DN-X16 is one simplified alternative to DN-X10 (Me-4PACz). The PACz monolayers exhibit higher optical transmittance and lower resistance, in addition, the PACz SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the photo absorber of PSCs and OPVs, mitigates interfacial recombination and facilitates hole extraction. In OPV devices, 3PACz showed superior device performance in comparison with 2PACz and 4PACz. In PSCs, Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with a certified power conversion efficiency of 29.2% and 29.8% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. DN-X16 (4PACz) is expected to be on par with Me-4PACz in hole extraction in perovskite and tandem devices.
- Full name:
- (3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)propyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 289.27 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- •P., Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8
- • A. Amran, K. Eike, L. Bor et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- • B.Haijun, D. Kunal, W. Junke et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interffaces, 2022, DOI: 10.021/acsami.2c01900
|
 |
|
Select amount for quotation
|
|
DN-X17
F-4PACz
|
- Description:
- DN-X17 (F-4PACz) a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). The PACz monolayers exhibit higher optical transmittance and lower resistance, in addition, the PACz SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the photo absorber of PSCs and OPVs, mitigates interfacial recombination and facilitates hole extraction. In PSCs, Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with record-breaking certified power conversion efficiency of 29.2% and 29.8% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Lately, the introduction of halogen atoms, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reducing the resistance and mitigating the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSC devices. DN-X17 (F-4PACz), which is from the same family of Me-4PACz, is expected to be on par with Me-4PACz in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction of Si/Perovskite, Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, as well as OPVs.
- Full name:
- (4-(3,6-difluoro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 339.28 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- •P., Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8
- • A. Amran, K. Eike, L. Bor et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- • B.Haijun, D. Kunal, W. Junke et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interffaces, 2022, DOI: 10.021/acsami.2c01900
- • Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503
|
 |
|
Select amount for quotation
|
|
|
