Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) are ordered arrays of organic molecules formed by the spontaneous adsorption onto a surface of molecular constituents from a vapor or liquid phase. The molecules or ligands that form SAMs are chemically functionalized in order to have a higher affinity to the surface. Historically, SAMs have been effectively used to improve the surface properties of light-emitting diodes and field-effect transistors. In photovoltaics, SAMs have been proven as an effective strategy to improve the device performance of organic solar cells (Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2202503, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503) and dye-sensitized solar cells. (J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, 2915-2921, DOI: 10.1039/C1JM12317C) Lately, the interests of deploying SAMs as benchmarking hole-transport materials for perovskite solar cells have increase rapidly. The introduction of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) has interesting impacts as due to chemical bonding it introduces a dipole moment at the interface, tuning the surface electronics and interfacial crystal defects. Moreover, the incorporation of functional groups coordinating with perovskite can be used in modifying the film growth, resulting in a better morphology and, more importantly, enhanced stability. So far, several ground breaking Si/Perovskite tandem devices with record efficiencies approaching or over 30% have been successfully demonstrated (1, Science. 370, 2020, 1300-1309, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016; 2, Nat. Nanotechnol. 17, 1214-1221 (2022), DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8). Dyenamo offers several series of SAMs, ranging from with various linker (spacer) lengths (2PAC, 3PAC, 4PAC, 5PACz and 6PACz) in combination with different carbazole ending groups (H, Me, MeO, F, Cl, Br and I). The broad Dyenamo portfolio opens for systematic studies and optimization. Other SAM molecules than the ones in the table below can be ordered on demand. Please send a message to info@dyenamo.se.
Difficulties in identifying the right SAM for your devices? Then, please contact us.
Overview
DN-X09
2PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X09 is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides. The SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the perovskite absorber without non-radiative losses. Demonstrated high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.1% and 23.26% in inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells and monolithic CIGSe/perovskite tandem solar cells, respectively.
- Full name:
- (2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid
- CAS number:
- 20999-38-6
- Typical properties:
- λabs (on ITO glass) = 340 nm
- MW = 275.24 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Amran Ashouri, et al., Energy & Environmental Science, 2019, DOI: 10.1039/c9ee02268f
- Additional information
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X10
Me-4PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X10 is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides. The SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the perovskite absorber without non-radiative losses. Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with a with a certified power conversion efficiency of 29.15% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.
- Full name:
- [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 331.35 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Amran Al-Ashouri et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- Additional information
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X12
Br-2PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X12 is a Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM) hole conductor, that was used to obtain an impressive 18.4 % efficiency for organic solar cell (OPV), DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100707. This is Dyenamo's first product that has been specifically developed for OPVs.
- Full name:
- [2-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- HOMO = -6.01 eV
- LUMO = -2.64 eV
- Hole mobility = 5.4 * 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1
- MW = 433.03 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • organic solar cells (OPV)
- References:
- • Lin et al., ChemSusChem 2021, 14, 1-11 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100707
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X13
MeO-2PACz
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- Description:
- MeO-2PACz is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides. Especially, by mixing with 2PACz ([2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid), they can bridge the interface due to the excellent hole selectivity and reduced interfacial recombination. Such mixture has achieved certified PCE of 24.4% for flexible all-perovskite tandem solar cells and certified PCE of 23.26% on 1 cm2 CIGSe/perovskite tandem solar cells, respectively.
- Full name:
- [2-(3,6-dimeth oxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid)
- Typical properties:
- MW = 335.3 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Amran Al-Ashouri et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany and Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X15
4PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X15 (4PACz) a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). DN-X15 is one simplified alternative to DN-X10 (Me-4PACz). The SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the perovskite absorber by mitigating interfacial recombination and facilitates hole extraction. Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with a certified power conversion efficiency of 29.2% and 29.8% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. DN-X15 (4PACz) is expected to be on par with Me-4PACz in hole extraction in perovskite and tandem devices.
- Full name:
- (4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 303.30 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- •P., Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8
- • A. Amran, K. Eike, L. Bor et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X16
3PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X16 (3PACz) a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). DN-X16 is one simplified alternative to DN-X10 (Me-4PACz). The PACz monolayers exhibit higher optical transmittance and lower resistance, in addition, the PACz SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the photo absorber of PSCs and OPVs, mitigates interfacial recombination and facilitates hole extraction. In OPV devices, 3PACz showed superior device performance in comparison with 2PACz and 4PACz. In PSCs, Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with a certified power conversion efficiency of 29.2% and 29.8% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. DN-X16 (4PACz) is expected to be on par with Me-4PACz in hole extraction in perovskite and tandem devices.
- Full name:
- (3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)propyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 289.27 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- •P., Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8
- • A. Amran, K. Eike, L. Bor et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- • B.Haijun, D. Kunal, W. Junke et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2022, DOI: 10.021/acsami.2c01900
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X17
F-4PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X17 (F-4PACz) a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). The PACz monolayers exhibit higher optical transmittance and lower resistance, in addition, the PACz SAMs can create an energetically aligned interface to the photo absorber of PSCs and OPVs, mitigates interfacial recombination and facilitates hole extraction. In PSCs, Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with record-breaking certified power conversion efficiency of 29.2% and 29.8% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Lately, the introduction of halogen atoms, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reducing the resistance and mitigating the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSC devices. DN-X17 (F-4PACz), which is from the same family of Me-4PACz, is expected to be on par with Me-4PACz in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction of Si/Perovskite, Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, as well as OPVs.
- Full name:
- (4-(3,6-difluoro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 339.28 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- •P., Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8
- • A. Amran, K. Eike, L. Bor et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- • B.Haijun, D. Kunal, W. Junke et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2022, DOI: 10.021/acsami.2c01900
- • Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503
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DN-X18
F-2PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X18 (F-2PACz) is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). And the introduction of halogen atoms in the SAM molecules, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X18 (F-2PACz) is expected to show a boosted effect in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite and Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.
- Full name:
- (2-(3,6-difluoro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 311.22 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X19
Cl-2PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X19 (Cl-2PACz) is a chlorine substituted carbazole based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). The introduction of halogen atoms, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X19 (Cl-2PACz) is expected to have unique roles in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite, Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.
- Full name:
- (2-(3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 344.13 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X20
I-2PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X20 (I-2PACz) is a carbazole based-molecule with iodine substitution and phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). The introduction of halogen atoms, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X20 (I-2PACz) is expected to have unique roles in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite, Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.
- Full name:
- (2-(3,6-diiodo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 527.04 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X23
Cl-4PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X23 (Cl-4PACz) is a carbazole-based molecule with chorine as capping group and phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). In PSCs, Me-4PACz has shown the highest hole extraction efficiency of all tested SAMs and standard HTLs, with record-breaking certified power conversion efficiency of 29.2% and 29.8% for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. And the introduction of halogen atoms into the SAM molecules, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X23 (Cl-4PACz), which is from the same family as Me-4PACz, is expected to show boosted effects in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite, Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.
- Full name:
- (4-(3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 372.18 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- •P., Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8
- • A. Amran, K. Eike, L. Bor et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
- • Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X24
Br-4PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X24 (Br-4PACz) is a carbazole-based molecule with bromine as interaction group to the perovskite and phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). The introduction of halogen atoms in SAM molecules, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X24 (Br-4PACz) is expected show exclusive effects in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite and Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.
- Full name:
- (4-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 461.09 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X25
I-4PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X24 (I-4PACz) is a carbazole-based molecule with bromine as interaction group to the perovskite and phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or other flexible TCO substrates). The introduction of halogen atoms in SAM molecules, i.e., F, Cl, Br and I, was verified to further enhance the hole mobility, reduce the resistance and mitigate the interfacial charge recombination in both OPV and PSCs devices. DN-X24 (I-4PACz) is expected show exclusive effects in hole extraction in inverted perovskite, multijunction Si/Perovskite and Perovskite/Perovskite tandem devices, and OPVs.
- Full name:
- (4-(3,6-diiodo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 555.09 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Y. Lin, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202202503
- Additional information:
- This product is covered by patents of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH in Germany. Please contact us for further information.
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DN-X31
6PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X31 (6PACz) is a carbazole-based molecule with phosphonic acid as the anchoring group that can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various oxides (FTO, ITO or flexible substrates). As an alternative to the bench-marking DN-X10 (Me-4PACz), DN-X31 with a longer alkyl chain will bring other SAM packing patterns and thereby generate new charge transport channels and mechanisms.
- Full name:
- (6-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)hexyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 331.35 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • P. Tockhorn, J. Sutter, A. Cruz, et al., Nature Nanotech., 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01228-8
- • I. levine, T. Unold, S. Albrecht, T. Dittrich, et al., Joule, 2021, DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2021.07.016
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DN-X26
4PADCB
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- Description:
- DN-X26 (4PADCB or CbzNaph) is a novel SAM molecule constructed with an extended conjugated terminal group of 7H-dibenzocarbazole (DCB) and was successfully used in inverted perovskite solar cells and all perovskite tandem devices. With DX-26 as SAM, improved film coverage and surface wettability was obatined. These properties allow fast hole extraction and suppress interfacial non-radiative recombination losses.
- Full name:
- (4-(7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazol-7-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 403.42 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • W. Jiang, F. Li, M. Li, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213560
- • R. He, W. Wang, Z. Yi, et al., Nature, 2023, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05992-y
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DN-X35
DMAcPA
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- Description:
- DN-X35 (DMAcPA) is self-assembly monolayer material with dimethylacridine as functional group, and it can be used in the fabrication of optoelectronic devices, such as inverted perovskite solar cells, organic solar cells and LEDs. Doping the perovskite directly with DMAcPA was verified to generate a well-matched p-perovskite/ITO contact interface along with effective passivation of the grain boundaries, achieving a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.39%. The DMAcPA was shown to undergo a molecular extrusion process during the solvent quenching process and spontaneously aggregated at the bottom surface and grain boundaries of the perovskite layer. The DMAcPA doping reduces the deep-level, hole-trap density by suppressing the defect states of the grain boundaries and surfaces, thereby enhancing the device lifespan and performance.
- Full name:
- (4-(2,7-dibromo-9,9-dimethylacridin-10(9H)-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 503.17 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • Q. Tan, Z. He, et al., Nature, 2023, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06207-0
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DN-X34
MPA-CPA
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- Description:
- DN-X34 (MPA-CPA) is an amphiphilic molecular hole transporting material primarily used in inverted perovskite solar cells.The multifunctional cyanovinyl phosphonic acid group, MPA-CPA, offers a superwetting underlayer for perovskite deposition enabling high-quality perovskite films with minimal defects at the buried interface, hence dramatically enhancing the device performance.
- Full name:
- (2-(4-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)-1-cyanovinyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 436.40 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • S. Zhang, F. Ye, Y. Wu, et al., Science, 2023, DOI: 10.1126/science.adg3755
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DN-X27
MPA-Ph-CA
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- Description:
- DN-X27 (MPA-Ph-CA) is a D-pi-A configured self-assembly monolayer material with a conjugated benzene moiety as linker, which is delicately designed to mitigate the insufficient hole-transport capability typically shown by the insulating alkyl linker-based SAMs. DN-X27 shows very good photo- and electrochemical stability. With the extended conjugation, DN-X27 not only enhances charge transport but also stabilizes the electron-rich MPA moieties through charge delocalization, resulting in enhanced device performance and stability.
- Full name:
- 3-(4'-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2-cyanoacrylic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 476.53 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • S. Zhang, Y. Wu, W. Zhu, et al., ACS materials Lett., 2022, DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.2c00799
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DN-X30
MPA-Ph-CPA
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- Description:
- DN-X30 (MPA-Ph-CPA) is a D-pi-A configured self-assembly monolayer material with a conjugated benzene moiety as linker, which is delicately designed to mitigate the insufficient hole-transport capability typically shown by the insulating alkyl linker-based SAMs. As an alternative to DN-X27, a phosphonic acid unit is attached to offer a stronger anchoring group to the substrates. With the extended conjugation, DN-X30 not only enhance charge transport but also stabilized the electron-rich MPA unit through charge delocalization.
- Full name:
- (2-(4'-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1-cyanovinyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 512.50 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • S. Zhang, Y. Wu, W. Zhu, et al., ACS Materials Lett., 2022, DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.2c00799
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DN-X37
MPA2FPh-BT-BA
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- Description:
- DN-X37 (2F, (MPA2FPh-BT-BA)) is a donor–acceptor-type, hole-selective contact material, which is suitable to both wide-bandgap (WBG) and low-bandgap (LBG) subcells for high-performance perovskite tandem solar cells. With benzoic acid as anchoring group, the 2F molecules exhibit a predominantly face-on orientation stacking when deposited onto the TCO, enabling efficient cross-plane charge extraction. In the WBG cells, 2F enables efficient hole extraction and minimizes interfacial non-radiative recombination losses by passivating interfacial defects. In the LBG cells, 2F suppresses interfacial losses, regulates the crystal growth and enhances the Sn–Pb perovskite film quality. With these merits, highly performing perovskite tandem devices with record-breaking efficiency and excellent operational stability have been realized.
- Full name:
- 4-(7-(4-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-2,5-difluorophenyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-4-yl)benzoic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 595.62 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • J. Zhu, Y. Luo, R. He, et al., Nature Energy, 2023, DOI: 10.1038/s41560-023-01274-z
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DN-X29
Br-2EPT
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- Description:
- DN-X29 (Br-2EPT) is a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) material constructed by a two-bromine substituted phenothiazine as functional moiety, a two-carbon alkyl chain as linker and a phosphonic acid unit as the anchoring group. The molecularly tailored SAM Br-2EPT enables an energetically well-aligned interface with the perovskite absorber film minimizing non-radiative interfacial recombination losses, thus dramatically improving charge extraction/transport and device performance, as well as the device durability.
- Full name:
- (2-(3,7-dibromo-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 465.10 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • A. Ullah, K. H. Park, Y. S. Park, et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202103175
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DN-X32
EADR03
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- Description:
- DN-X32 (EADR03) is a self-assembly monolayer (SAM) material featuring a modified bulky carbazole as functional moiety. The attachment of two 1,3-dimethoxy benzene units onto the carbazole core give a good energy alignment with the perovskite absorber film, and at the same time enhances its solubility. EADR03 was validated to facilitate hole transport, block undesired back-donation of electrons, and to passivate surface defects when applied as hole-selective contact in solar cell devices.
- Full name:
- 4-(3,6-bis(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzoic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 559.62 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • E. Aktas, A. Abate, E. Palomares, et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2021, DOI: 10.1039/D0EE03807E
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DN-X33
MeO-4PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X33 (MeO-4PACz) is a carbazole-based, self-assembled monolayer material for inverted perovskite solar cells. DN-X33 is a modified alternative to DN-X13 (MeO-2PACz) and DN-X10 (Me-4PACz). The introduction of the methoxy group is aimed to mitigate the poor reproducibility of perovskite layer deposition originating from the hydrophobic property of Me-4PACz. The longer alky chain linker is introduced to modulate the molecule stacking. DN-X33 (MeO-4PACz) is expected to be on par with Me-4PACz in hole extraction efficiency in perovskite and tandem devices.
- Full name:
- (4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 363.35 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • A. Al-Ashouri, et al., Science, 2020, DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016
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DN-X39
4dp3PACz
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- Description:
- DN-X39 (4dp3PACz) is a delicately designed self-assembled monolayer material for specific application in wide bandgap perovskite solar cells (WBG PSCs) and related tandem devices. The hydrophilic property of 4dp3PACz has been validated to promote a high-quality perovskite layer deposition. At the same time, the substituted TPA group was proved to effectively passivate defects in the perovskite films.
- Full name:
- (3-(3-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-9H-carbazol-9-yl)propyl)phosphonic acid
- Typical properties:
- MW = 532.58 g/mol
- Recommended device concept:
- • p-i-n Perovskite solar cells
- References:
- • H. Bi, H. Segawa, S. Grigalevicius, Q. Shen, S. Hayase, et al., ACS Energy Lett., 2023, DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01275
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